Unifies Force = -c*X

by Russell E. Rierson

Unified Force = -c*X

The current interpretations of Einstein's theory of general relativity explain a universe that initializes as a cosmic singularity of infinite temperature and density. This singularity begins to expand, i.e. the "big bang". Next, a sequence of "symmetry breaking" during subsequent "epochs" where at first, the known forces of nature were unified as a single "super-force". As the universe expanded and cooled, the symmetry was broken. During this sequence of eras, the fundamental forces separated. Quarks, leptons,and then protons and neutrons began forming. The matter coelesced into hydrogen, then stars, quasars and galaxies. The first stars began to generate the heavier elements. Later, new galaxies form with solar systems. Atoms link together forming the building blocks of life.

THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES:

Electromagnetic

Weak-Nuclear

Strong-Nuclear

Gravity

Electricity and magnetism are unified by Maxwell's equations as "electromagnetism".

The electric force obeys the inverse square law in the relationship F = k*q1q2/r^2 , i.e. the electric "Coulomb force".

The weak nuclear force is responsible for nuclear decay and is unified with the electromagnetic force: the "electro-weak" force.

The strong nuclear force is very strong, yet it has an extremely short range, limited to the nucleus of an atom. It is responsible for binding quarks together forming protons and neutrons, and it binds the protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus.

Gravity is the weakest of the fundamental forces yet it has a long range, governing the large scale structure of the universe. It has an inverse square law in the Newtonian law of gravity: F = Gm1m2/r^2 .

The fabric of space-time is postulated as a type of "hypersurface" and gravity is explained as the non-euclidean geometry of this manifold.

Space-time is curved by mass-energy. Postulating from first principles, and said principle being what is known as the "equivalence principle", i.e. inertial mass = gravitational mass. From this principle we can deduce that since the force of gravity is cancelled by an acceleration, we feel no weight while in a state of "free fall". Thus we can hypothesize that the effects of gravity are a type of acceleration. This acceleration is via the sequence of time, or the fourth dimension. In order to understand this acceleration we must derive a new type of model of the universe.

RELATIVE EXPANSION:

We shall derive another first principle, the principle of "Nothing Exists Outside the Universe". From this first principle, we can deduce that if nothing exists outside the universe, then the universe cannot be expanding in an absolute sense. The expansion is a "relative expansion" which is to say that from our local perspective the galaxies appear to be "expanding" but from the perspective of the global structure of the universe, matter and energy are contracting. Relative expansion.

F = -c*X

How does this take place? At the present time an anology with Hookes law and the force of a stretched spring will help to elucidate this iconoclastic idea.

The force of a stretched spring is given by the equation: F = -k*X , where k is the spring constant and X is the displacement from the equilibrium position. When the spring(universe) is stretched to the maximum length it is in a state of maximum potential energy. As the spring is released, the potential energy transforms into kinetic energy that is required for cosmic evolution. The stretched spring analogy should not be taken literally however. The maximum potential energy state has nothing to do with spatial extension of the universe, rather it is a state of maximum potential defined as "cosmic wave function potentials". Here is the new unified force equation:

F = -c*X

where "X" is an as yet to be defined mathematical quantity related to quantum theory.

Critiques and comments welcome.

Russell E. Rierson([email protected])