(gravity) = (inertial reaction)

by Russell E. Rierson

(gravity) = (inertial reaction) hypothesis:

The current interpretations of Einstein's theory of general relativity explain a universe that initializes as a cosmic singularity of infinite temperature and density. This singularity begins to expand, i.e. the "big bang". Next, a sequence of "symmetry breaking" during subsequent "epochs", where at first, the known forces of nature were unified as a single "super-force". As the universe expanded and cooled, the symmetry was broken. During the sequence of "eras" the fundamental forces separated. Quarks, leptons, and then protons and neutrons began forming. The matter particles coalesced into hydrogen, then stars, quasars and galaxies. The first stars began to generate the heavier elements. Later, new galaxies form with solar systems. Atoms link together forming the building blocks of life.

THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES:

Electromagnetic

Weak-Nuclear

Strong Nuclear

Gravity

Electricity and magnetism are unified as "electromagnetism". The electromagnetic force obeys the inverse square law in the relationship: F = k*q1q2/r^2 , i.e. the electric "coulomb" force.

The weak nuclear force is responsible for nuclear decay and is unified with the electromagnetic force: The "electro-weak" force.

The strong nuclear force is very strong but has a very short range, limited to the nucleus of an atom. It is responsible for binding quarks together forming protons and neutrons, and it binds the protons and neutrons together to to form the nucleus.

Gravity is the weakest of the fundamental forces, yet it has the longest range. Gravity also obeys an inverse square law, as the low energy limit of Einstein's relativity: F = G*m1m2/r^2 .

Everyone knows the Pythagorean theorem: x^2 + y^2 = z^2 , where x and y are the sides of a right triangle and z is the hypotenuse. Basically space and time form a type of right triangle. Imagine three dimensional space as a two dimensional surface, i.e. three dimensions with one removed similar to a photograph or snapshot. At one instant in time there is a three dimensional frame, generalized to two dimensions.

Imagine a sequence of these pictures and as we are continuously observing the sequence of frames, the illusion of motion is perceived. The direction of the "stacking" is the fourth "temporal" dimension. Therefore it is a right triangle.

|||||||----------->

space.........time

Three dimensional space is represented as the vertical lines and time is the horizontal arrow.

Three dimensional hypersurfaces are accelerated along the "t" axis, thus gravity is an acceleration.

The contrast between space-time and matter-energy is a dynamic relationship generating the space-time curvature. This of course leads to the question "How does space-time become dynamic?" Now we must consider the question of cosmology and the expansion model. In the search for the fundamental equations of reality, the most basic or ultimate causes must be taken into consideration. This becomes a question of logic. How can the universe be expanding in an absolute sense if there is nothing for the universe to expand into? How do we define "nothing"?

Nothing is defined as being without extent and without duration.

The universe initially has a high degree of symmetry, or a state of maximum potential energy. As an analogy we shall use the "spring equation" from basic physics.

F = -k*X

Where F is the force of the stretched spring, k is the spring constant, and X is displacement from the zero energy state. The spring(universe) is initially stretched to a state of maximum potential energy with a high degree of symmetry. Then the symmetry breaks and the potential energy transforms into kinetic energy.

(->(->(-> <-)<-)<-)

This simple diagram shows the spring(universe) collapsing or "shrinking". From our local perspective, space between the galaxies and clusters of galaxies appears to be expanding. But from the universal perspective, matter, energy, distance and time scales are "contracting". This gives the energy required for the cosmic evolution.

RELATIVE EXPANSION:

The explanation of mass-energy contraction is in logical agreement with Einstein's theories. Expansion is relative. The force of the spring(universe) is an acceleration, which is the constant acceleration that is required to generate the gravity wells, or space-time curvature explained by general relativity. Thus the Einstein Field equations are generated by the universal energy equations via the "force" of the potential-kinetic energies of the contracting space-time.

-(constant)*(universal displacement)---> (mass-energy--->space-time curvature)

Where "--->" means "determines"

-c*X--->(Einstein's Field Equations)

-c*X = (Unified Force)

This means that gravity is an acceleration. Of course...inertial mass equals gravitational mass, which was the happy thought of Einstein.

RIGHT TRIANGLES:

space | | | |------------>time

and

electro-nuclear | | | |------------>gravity

INERTIAL REACTION:

The ratio of mass-energy to space is such that we measure a constant "c" for the velocity of a photon of light. The matter "M" is contracting faster than the surrounding space, with the photons of light carried along with what appears as "generated space". Thus all fields in our three dimensional space are "dynamic". Space-time is curved by the matter-energy contained within it, because the fourth dimension of time is at right angles to the three space dimensions.

Time is accelerated, therefore gravity is a type of inertial reaction.

The dynamics of space-time create a universe of intriguing possibilities. Space is a form of energy both kinetic and potential. Therefore space-time also must obey the principle of conservation of energy.

The "spring" analogy is an aid for conceptualization, but the concept of a "stretching" spring should not be confused with any type of spatial expansion. It has more to do with potential and symmetry. The universe as a whole has total space-time equal to a constant.

Space can be hypothesized as a type of conductor, yet it is not a type of "medium" lest we revive the "lumeniferous ether" .

e is the permittivity of free space and u is the permeability of free space, 'epsilon' and 'mu' respectively.

E = mc^2

c^2 = 1/(e*u)

E/m = 1/(e*u)

The ratio of ([total energy]/mass) equals the reciprocal of (e*u)

(e*u) would of course, be "invariant" while observing from "inertial reference frames" but the distance and time measurements would "vary" according to relative velocity.

1/(e*u) = (Ds/Dt)^2 Ds and Dt vary in tandem, always producing a constant velocity "c" .

(Ds)*(e*u)^(1/2) = Dt

It seems that permeability and permittivity of space would not change, thus the "curvature" of space-time would be independent of its ability to be a type of electromagnetic conductor.

The generation of spacetime curvature must be transmitted via the fourth dimensional "t" axis?

Space-time is curved by mass-energy.

A----------------->B

A photon of light travels from point A to point B "through" the vacuum, which is a distance relation defined by the Pythagorean theorem.

Space is a "conductor" or if you wish, an "insulator"

The distance relationship is a non-Euclidean geometry with Guassian coordinates. The distance interval between A and B becomes a "geodesic", the shortest distance on a curved surface. The geometrical distance relationships(space-time) become anisotropic and inhomogeneous in the presence of mass energy, so space must have a type of tangible measurable property that cannot be rationalized away with the statement "The aether does not exist!"

Put simply, the "conductive surface" called "space" is altered by matter and energy.

My investigations are leading me to the prime numbers and a possible five-fold symmetry lattice structure of space. The Penrose tilings caught me completely by surprise, because they contain the golden mean!

I am investigating spinors, twistors, and "bundles" as they apply to general relativity. The different geometrical structures. Symmetry seems to be the correct path to unification. All other roads keep leading to dead ends, so far.

A possible equation for gravity:

A[f(t)] = -[(8pi*G)/c^2]*f(t)

The time vector equation.

Russell E. Rierson

[email protected]