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Info about Shuttle Flight STS- 37
NASA
SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-37
PRESS KIT
APRIL 1991
PUBLIC AFFAIRS CONTACTS
Mark Hess/Jim Cast/Ed Campion
Office of Space Flight
NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
(Phone: 202/453-8536)
Mike Braukus
Office of Space Science and Applications
NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
(Phone: 202/453-1547)
Lisa Malone
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
(Phone: 407/867-2468)
Jerry Berg
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
(Phone: 205/544-0034)
James Hartsfield
Johnson Space Center, Houston
(Phone: 713/483-5111)
John Loughlin
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
(Phone: 301/286-5565)
Myron Webb
Stennis Space Center, MS
(Phone: 60l/688-334l)
Nancy Lovato
Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif.
(Phone: 805/258-3448)
CONTENTS
GENERAL RELEASE 4
GENERAL INFORMATION 5
STS-37 QUICK LOOK 6
SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES 7
VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS 8
SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES 9
TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 10
STS-37 PRELAUNCH PROCESSING 11
GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY 11
GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY SUBSYSTEMS 12
GAMA RAY OBSERVATORY SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS 13
PAYLOAD OPERATION AND CONTROL CENTER (POCC) 15
GREAT OBSERVATORIES 16
MID-RANGE TARGETED STATIONKEEPING 16
EVA DEVELOPMENTAL FLIGHT EXPERIMENT 17
BIOSERVE ITA MATERIALS DISPERSION APPARATUS 19
PROTEIN CRYSTAL GROWTH EXPERIMENT 20
SPACE STATION HEAT PIPE ADVANCED RADIATOR ELEMENT 22
SHUTTLE AMATEUR RADIO EXPERIMENT 22
ADVANCED SHUTTLE GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS 24
RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III 24
ASCENT PARTICLE MONITOR 25
STS-37 CREW BIOGRAPHIES 25
STS-37 MISSION MANAGEMENT 27
RELEASE: 91-41
GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY, SPACEWALK HIGHLIGHT STS-37
Shuttle mission STS-37, the 39th flight of the Space
Shuttle and the eighth flight of Atlantis, will be
highlighted by deployment of the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO),
the second of NASA's four great space observatories, and the
first American spacewalk in more than 5 years.
The launch of Atlantis is currently scheduled for no
earlier than 9:18 a.m. EST on April 5. GRO, to be placed
into a 243-nautical-mile high orbit on the 3rd day of the
flight, will complement the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and
attempt to unravel the mysteries of the universe through
observations of gamma rays, among the highest frequency
wavelengths of the spectrum. GRO is the second in four
planned great observatories, including HST, the Advanced
X-Ray Astrophysics Facility and the Space Infrared Telescope
Facility.
On the 4th day of the flight, the Extravehicular
Activity Development Flight Experiments (EDFE) will require
the first spacewalk by American astronauts since Shuttle
mission STS-61B in November 1985. The spacewalk will test
the Crew and Equipment Translation Aids, three prototype cart
designs that are part of an effort to develop a
transportation device for use on the exterior of Space
Station Freedom. Other spacewalk experiments include tests
of the Shuttle's robot arm as a work platform for astronauts
and instrumented evaluations of astronauts' ability to work
with tools in weightlessness.
On the middeck, Atlantis will carry several secondary
experiments including the Bioserve ITA Materials Dispersion
Apparatus (BIMDA), a study in biomedical materials
processing; Protein Crystal Growth-III (PCG-III), another in
a sequence of Shuttle experiments that grow crystals in
weightlessness; the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II
(SAREX-II), an experiment that will allow the crew to contact
amateur radio operators around the world who are within range
of the Shuttle's flight path; the Space Station Heat Pipe
Advanced Radiator Element-II (SHARE-II), a study of an
evolving design of cooling radiators for Space Station
Freedom; and the Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III (RME-
III), a monitor of the amount of radiation penetrating the
Shuttle's crew compartment during the flight.
In addition Atlantis will have the Ascent Particle
Monitoring Experiment in the payload bay, a package of
instruments that measure contamination in the cargo bay
during launch. The orbiter also will participate in the Air
Force Maui Optical System (AMOS), a continuing series of
observations of Shuttle orbital engine firings by ground Air
Force instruments.
The mission is planned to last 5 days and 12 minutes,
concluding with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.,
at 9:30 a.m. EDT, April 10th. Commanding Atlantis will be
Air Force Col. Steven R. Nagel. Marine Corps Lt. Col.
Kenneth D. Cameron will serve as pilot. Mission specialists
will be Air Force Lt. Col. Jerry L. Ross; Dr. Linda M.
Godwin; and Dr. Jay Apt. Mission specialists Ross and Apt
will perform the spacewalk on the 4th day of the flight.
- end of general release -
GENERAL INFORMATION
NASA Select Television Transmission
NASA Select television is available on Satcom F-2R,
Transponder 13, located at 72 degrees west longitude;
frequency 3960.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz.
The schedule for television transmissions from the
orbiter and for the change-of-shift briefings from Johnson Space
Center, Houston, will be available during the mission at
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Ala.; Johnson Space Center; and NASA
Headquarters, Washington, D.C. The TV schedule will be
updated daily to reflect changes dictated by mission
operations.
Television schedules also may be obtained by calling
COMSTOR, 713/483-5817. COMSTOR is a computer data base
service requiring the use of a telephone modem. A voice
update of the TV schedule may be obtained by dialing
202/755-1788. This service is updated daily at noon EST.
Status Reports
Status reports on countdown and mission progress,
on-orbit activities and landing operations will be produced by the
appropriate NASA news center.
Briefings
An STS-39 mission press briefing schedule will be issued
prior to launch. During the mission, flight control
personnel will be on 8-hour shifts. Change-of-shift
briefings by the off-going flight director will occur at
approximately 8-hour intervals.
STS-37 QUICK LOOK
Launch Date: No earlier than April 5, 1991
Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center, Fla., Pad 39B
Launch Window: 9:18 a.m. to 1:56 p.m. EST (4 hours, 38 minutes)
Orbiter: Atlantis (OV-104)
Orbit: 243 x 243 nautical miles,
28.45 degrees inclination
Landing Date/Time: April 10, 1991, 9:30 a.m. EDT
Primary Landing Site: Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.
Abort Landing Sites: Return to Launch Site - KSC, Fla.
Transoceanic Abort Landing -
Banjul, The Gambia
Abort Once Around - Edwards Air
Force Base, Calif.
Crew: Steven R. Nagel, Commander
Kenneth D. Cameron, Pilot
Linda Godwin, Mission Specialist 1
Jerry L. Ross, Mission Specialist 2
Jay Apt, Mission Specialist 3
Cargo Bay Payloads: Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO)
EVA Development Flight Experiments (EDFE)
Ascent Particle Monitor (APM)
Middeck Payloads: Bioserve ITA Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BIMDA)
Protein Crystal Growth-III (PCG-III)
Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-I (SAREX-II)
Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III (RME-III)
Air Force Maui Optical System (AMOS)
Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element-II
(SHARE-II)
SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES
DAY ONE
Ascent
OMS 2
PCG activation
RMS checkout
SAREX activation
BIMDA
DSOs
DAY TWO
GRO in-bay checkout
Depressurize cabin to 10.2 psi
EMU checkout
SHARE-II
AMOS
DAY THREE
GRO deploy
DAY FOUR
EDFE EVA
DAY FIVE
FCS checkout
Mid-Range Targeted Station Keeping (DTO 822)
Middeck payloads deactivation
Cabin stow
DAY SIX
Deorbit
Landing
VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS
Object Weight (lbs.)
Orbiter (Atlantis) empty and 3 SSMEs 171,785
Remote Manipulator System (robot arm) 1,258
Gamma Ray Observatory 34,643
GRO Middeck Equipment 99
Airborne Electrical Support Equipment 523
Ascent Particle Monitor (APM) 22
Bioserve ITA Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BIMDA) 72
Crew and Equipment Translation Aids Cart Assembly 215
CETA Hardware 588
Detailed Test Objectives (DTO) 106
Detailed Supplementary Objectives (DSO) 47
Portable Data Acquisition Package 200
Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) 63
Radiation Monitoring Experiment (RME) 7
SHARE II Middeck Priming Experiment 40
Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX) 66
Total Vehicle at SRB Ignition 4,523,759
Orbiter Landing Weight 191,029
SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES
Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe
and intact recovery of the flight crew, orbiter and its
payload. Abort modes include:
* Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine
thrust late enough to permit reaching a minimal 105-nautical
mile orbit with orbital maneuvering system engines.
* Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine
shutdown with the capability to allow one orbit around before
landing at either Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.; the
Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; or
White Sands Space Harbor (Northrup Strip), NM.
* Trans-Atlantic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of two main
engines midway through powered flight would force a landing
at either Banjul, The Gambia; Ben Guerir, Morocco; or Moron,
Spain.
* Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one
or more engines, without enough energy to reach Banjul, would
result in a pitch around and thrust back toward KSC until
within gliding distance of the SLF.
STS-37 contingency landing sites are Edwards AFB,
Kennedy Space Center, White Sands, Banjul, Ben Guerir or
Moron.
TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
_________________________________________________________
RELATIVE
EVENT MET VELOCITY MACH ALTITUDE
(d:h:m:s) (fps) (ft)
_________________________________________________________
Launch 00/00:00:00
Begin Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:09 160 600
End Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:16 340 2,500
Throttle to 89% 00/00:00:18 390 3,180
Throttle to 67% 00/00:00:28 650 7,790
Max. Dyn. Pressure 00/00:00:52 1,170 1.09 26,580
Throttle to 104% 00/00:00:59 1,320 1.25 33,380
SRB Staging 00/00:02:05 4,090 3.73 156,440
Main Engine Cutoff 00/00:08:33 24,600 23.13 363,660
Zero Thrust 00/00:08:39 24,646 22.85 370,550
ET Separation 00/00:08:51
OMS 2 Burn 00/00:41:44
GRO Release 02/03:35:00
Deorbit Burn (orb 77) 04/23:12:00
Landing (orb 78) 05/00:12:00
Apogee, Perigee at MECO: 238 x 32 nautical
miles
Apogee, Perigee post-OMS 2: 243 x 243 nautical miles
STS-37 PRELAUNCH PROCESSING
Kennedy Space Center workers began preparing Atlantis
for its eighth flight into space when the vehicle was towed
into the Orbiter Processing Facility on Nov. 21 following its
previous mission, STS-38.
About 31 modifications were made to the orbiter Atlantis
during its 15-week stay in the Orbiter Processing Facility.
A significant modification was the installation of the five
new general purpose computers. The new carbon brake system
also was installed and many upgrades were made to the thermal
protection system. All of Atlantis' systems were fully
tested while in the OPF. Both orbital maneuvering system
pods and the forward reaction control system were removed and
transferred to the Hypergolic Maintenance Facility for
required testing.
GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY
GRO, which weighs just over 35,000 pounds (15,876
kilograms), will be the heaviest NASA science satellite ever
deployed by the Space Shuttle into low-Earth orbit.
GRO is a space-based observatory designed to study the
universe in an invisible, high-energy form of light known as
gamma rays. Although a variety of smaller satellites and
high-altitude balloons have carried instruments to study the
universe in gamma-ray light during the past 30 years, GRO
represents a dramatic improvement in sensitivity, spectral
range and resolution.
Gamma-rays, which cannot penetrate the EarthUs
atmosphere, are of interest to scientists because these rays
provide a reliable record of cosmic change and evolution.
Their study will yield unprecedented answers about the
structure and dynamics of the Milky Way Galaxy, the nature of
pulsars, quasars, black holes and neutron stars, as well as
clues about the origin and history of the universe
itself.
The four instruments on GRO were selected by NASA to
provide the first comprehensive, coordinated observations of
a broad gamma-ray energy range with much better sensitivity
than any previous mission. The instruments include: the
Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), the Oriented
Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE), the Imaging
Compton Telescope (COMPTEL) and the Energetic Gamma Ray
Experiment Telescope (EGRET). During the first 15 months of
the mission, an all-sky survey is planned. The observing
program that follows will be guided by the results of this
survey.
The instruments onboard GRO, with sensitivities 10 times
greater than that of earlier instruments, will scan active
galaxies for new information on celestial objects. GRO also
can detect the very high temperature emissions from the
vicinity of stellar black holes, thereby providing evidence
for the existence of these exotic objects. GRO observations
of diffuse radiation will not only help resolve questions
relating to the large scale distribution of matter in the
universe, but also about the processes that may have taken
place shortly after the universe began in the theoretical
energetic explosion or "Big Bang".
GRO is a NASA cooperative program. The Federal Republic
of Germany, with co-investigator support from The
Netherlands, the European Space Agency, the United Kingdom
and the United States, has principal investigator
responsibility for COMPTEL. The Federal Republic of Germany
also is furnishing hardware elements and co-principal
investigator support for EGRET.
GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY SUBSYSTEMS
The Gamma Ray Observatory is the first scientific
payload with a refuelable onboard propulsion system. In
addition, GRO provides the support and protection necessary
for the observatory to complete its mission. The
spacecraft's subsystems include propulsion, power, controls,
electronics, communications and thermal.
Propulsion
The Gamma Ray Observatory has a self-contained
propulsion system that will allow controllers on the ground
to keep the GRO spacecraft at the proper altitude. The
propulsion system provides thrust for orbit altitude change,
orbit maintenance, attitude control and if necessary,
controlled reentry. GRO's four propellent tanks hold 4,200
pounds (1900-kilograms) of hydrazine fuel. The spacecraft
has four 100-pound (45-kilogram) thrusters and isolation
valves. GRO also has four dual thruster modules, each
consisting of two 5-pound (2.2-kilogram) thrusters for
attitude control. The fuel tanks are designed to be refueled
by a future Space Shuttle mission, although no mission is
currently planned for this purpose.
Attitude Control and Determination System
The primary purpose of the Attitude Control and
Determination (ACAD) subsystem is to point the GRO
instruments to selected celestial gamma-ray sources and to
supply attitude information for data processing. The ACAD
subsystem is a three-axis system made up of many NASA
standard components and other flight-proven hardware.
The system contains sensors that tell GRO where it's pointed
and actuators for vehicle orientation. The primary sensors
are the Fixed-Head Star Trackers and the Inertial Reference
Unit. The star trackers relay information to GRO's onboard
computers about the location of the spacecraft based on
the known positions of pre-programmed guide stars. The
Inertial Reference Unit relays attitude and position information
based on the forces of inertia working in much the same manner
as a gyroscope. The primary actuators are the four Reaction
Wheel Assemblies. They rely on the principle of the spinning
flywheel to maintain spacecraft attitude.
Communications and Data Handling
The Communications and Data Handling (CADH) system is
based on the standard NASA modular design used with great
success on the Solar Maximum Mission and Landsats 4 and 5.
By using modules, repair of damaged or defective components
is vastly simplified. The CADH subsystem consists of the
CADH module, a 60-inch (152 centimeter) high-gain antenna,
two omnidirectional low-gain antennas and a radio frequency
combiner to interface the module with the antennas.
The CADH includes two second generation Tracking and
Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) transponders for both
incoming and outgoing transmissions to TDRSS and for command
and telemetry transmissions to the Shuttle during in-bay and
deployment sequences. Two NASA standard tape recorders are
included for data storage. They will be used to record data
for later playback to scientists on the ground. These
playbacks, or data dumps, take place every other orbit at a
rate of 512 kilobytes per second via the high-gain antenna
system and the TDRSS S-band.
GRO also has a sophisticated clock that converts
spacecraft time into universal time and distributes it to
each instrument. Remote Interface Units are distributed
throughout the spacecraft to interface the instruments with
other onboard subsystems.
Electrical Power
The Observatory's solar arrays are accordion style,
multi-panel, rigid arrays, deployed by motor-driven rigid
booms. The total power available for the observatory from
the solar arrays is approximately 2000 watts. Two
Modular Power System (MPS) modules condition, regulate and
control solar-array power during sunlight portions of the orbit
to satisfy load demands and battery charging. During eclipse
periods, Nicad batteries supply the spacecraft power.
The batteries also supplement solar-array power during
periods of peak power. Each MPS can receive power from external
sources during ground operations and while in the Shuttle payload
bay.
Thermal Subsystems
The thermal control of the observatoryUs subsystems and
instruments is accomplished by coatings, blankets, louvers,
radiators and heaters. The instruments are thermally
isolated from each other and the spacecraft structure to
reduce temperature.
The COMPTEL instrument uses a heat pipe system that
transfers heat to a remote radiator providing active cooling
for the instrument. The other instruments have passive
thermal designs.
GRO uses three types of heaters, each having redundant
thermostats and heater elements. Operational heater circuits
are adequate for normal orbital operations. Make-up heaters
replace the power of an instrument or component when it is
turned off in orbit. Space Shuttle auxiliary heaters are
used to maintain temperatures while GRO is in the payload
bay.
GRO SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS
Gamma rays are a form of light that cannot penetrate
the Earth's atmosphere or be seen by the human eye. Gamma
rays have the highest energies of any type of light radiation.
Since high-energy processes tend to produce high-energy
radiation, gamma rays are emitted by some of the most
exotic structures in our universe -- supernovae, neutron stars,
black holes and quasars. The study of gamma rays offers a
window into the inner workings of these and other fascinating
objects, providing insights unattainable from the study of
any other form of radiation.
Although the four instruments on GRO are essentially
telescopes for seeing gamma-ray light, they do not look like
ordinary telescopes. Instead, the GRO instruments observe
gamma rays indirectly, by monitoring flashes of visible
light, called scintillations, that occur when gamma rays
strike the detectors (made of liquid or crystal materials)
built into the instruments.
GRO's instruments are much larger and much more
sensitive than any gamma-ray instrument ever flown in space.
Size is crucial for gamma-ray astronomy. Because gamma rays
are detected when they interact with matter, the number of
gamma-ray events recorded is directly related to the mass of
the detector. With the small number of gamma rays emanating
from celestial sources, large instruments are needed to
detect a significant number of photons in a reasonable amount
of time.
The gamma rays emitted from celestial objects span a
wide range of energies. The most energetic gamma rays to be
studied by GRO have energies some 1 million times greater
than the weakest. This is a far greater range in energy than
that spanned by visible light, and no single instrument yet
devised can detect gamma rays throughout this range. GRO's
four instruments together span the gamma-ray range from about
20,000 to 30 billion electron volts (eV). Each of the four
instruments has a unique design and is specialized for
particular types of observations.
Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE)
The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) was
developed by scientists and engineers at Marshall Space
Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., to continuously monitor a
large segment of the sky for detection and measurement of
short, intense bursts and other transient sources of gamma
rays. BATSE consists of 8 identical detectors, with one
detector located at each corner of the spacecraft to give it
a very wide field of view. BATSE works in the low-energy
part of the gamma-ray range (20,000 to 2 million eV) in which
bursts are expected. Once BATSE discovers a burst of gamma
rays, it can signal the other three instruments to study the
source in more detail. Dr. Gerald Fishman of Marshall is the
principal investigator.
Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE)
The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Washington, D.C.,
designed the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment
(OSSE) to detect nuclear-line radiation and emissions
associated with low energy gamma-ray sources (100,000 to 10
million eV). OSSE is sensitive to the spectral signature of
radioactive elements. This enables OSSE to study supernovae
and novae which are believed to be the sites where the heavy
elements are created. These elements are the basis for life
as we know it. OSSE also will provide insight into various
types of science targets, such as neutron stars, black holes,
pulsars and quasars. Dr. James Kurfess of the NRL is the
principal investigator.
Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL)
The Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), developed as a
cooperative effort by the Federal Republic of Germany, The
Netherlands, the European Space Agency and the United States,
is designed for observations at moderate gamma-ray energies
(1 to 30 million eV). Because COMPTEL has a wide field of
view (though not as wide as BATSE) and can locate gamma ray
sources, one of its primary functions will be to produce a
detailed map of the sky as seen in moderate gamma rays. Dr.
Volker Schoenfelder of the Max Planck Institute, Germany, is
the principal investigator.
Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET)
The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) is
between 10 and 20 times larger and more sensitive than any
high energy, gamma-ray telescope previously flown in space.
The mission of EGRET, a joint effort by scientists and
engineers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC),
Greenbelt, Md.; Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Max
Planck Institute, Germany; and Grumman Aerospace Corp.,
Bethpage, N.Y., is to search the cosmos for high energy
gamma-rays. One of its primary missions will be to generate
a map of the sky as seen in high-energy gamma rays,
complementing the map produced by COMPTEL. Another will be
to discover and monitor gamma-ray emissions from pulsars.
GoddardUs Dr. Carl Fichtel is the principal investigator.
PAYLOAD OPERATION AND CONTROL CENTER (POCC)
Instructions sent to GRO during its science mission
begin with the controllers located in the GRO Payload
Operations Control Center (POCC) at GSFC. The focal point
for all pre-mission preparations and on-orbit operations, the
POCC is part of the Multisatellite Operations Control Center
(MSOCC) at Goddard that provides mission scheduling,
tracking, telemetry data acquisition, command and processing
required for down-linked data.
Data Processing Systems
GRO engineering and experiment data will be processed in
the POCC and the Packet Processor (PACOR) Data Capture
Facility. The POCC will receive real time and playback
telemetry data via TDRSS. The PACOR will receive real time
and playback data in parallel with the POCC. The PACOR will
record, time order, quality check and transmit sets of
science data packets to the four instrument sites via a
computer electronic mail system or by magnetic computer tape.
The instrument sites are: Burst and Transient Source
Experiment, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala;
Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment, Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.; Imaging Compton
Telescope, U. S. interface, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, N.H.; and the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment
Telescope, GSFC.
The Mission Operations Room, an integral part of the
POCC, is responsible for all aspects of mission control,
including spacecraft health and safety, and is operated on a
24-hour basis. This arrangement will provide command
management, flight dynamics and communications support
through the use of an extensive array of interactive
terminals, color graphic microprocessors, recorders and close
circuit television.
Science Support Center
GSFC is the site of the Science Support Center (SSC) for
the Gamma Ray Observatory. The SSC supports guest
investigators through proposal preparation assistance,
support of the proposal selection process and data archive
search activities. In addition, the SSC will assist NASA's
Office of Space Science and Applications, Astrophysics
Division, in managing the review and evaluation of proposals
for specific observations and theoretical investigations in
the gamma-ray portion of the spectrum.
The SSC is developing software that will provide a
common link for data from each of the instruments for
investigators whose studies involve more than one of GRO's
diverse capabilities.
The SSC also is developing and instituting the software
systems that will allow data from the observatory to be
archived by the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC)
also located at Goddard. Cataloging methods will be
developed to allow future guest investigators the opportunity
to easily access data for scientific study either at
Goddard's facilities or at their home laboratories.
Data archived by the SSC and the NSSDC generally will
become available one year after it has been processed into
usable form. The SSC provides a uniform interface with all
of the principal investigator teams and publishes a
newsletter with items of interest to the scientific
community.
GREAT OBSERVATORIES
The GRO is the second of four "Great Observatories"
being built by NASA to study the universe across the
electromagnetic spectrum. The first, the Hubble Space
Telescope, was launched in April 1990. HST primarily
conducts studies using visible and ultraviolet light. The
other Great Observatories are the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility, expected to be launched in 1998, and the Space
Infrared Telescope Facility, scheduled for launch at the end
of the decade.
The GRO program is managed by GSFC for NASAUs Office of
Space Science and Applications. The spacecraft was built by
TRW, Redondo Beach, Calif.
MID-RANGE TARGETED STATIONKEEPING
Mid-Range Targeted Stationkeeping, designated as a
Detailed Test Objective (DTO 822) for STS-37, will be a
rendezvous experiment to help determine the precision with
which the Shuttle can intercept a point behind an orbiting
target and maintain the position without onboard radar. The
orbiting target for the test will be the previously deployed
Gamma Ray Observatory.
Following completion of EVA activities on flight day 4,
a phase adjustment burn will be performed to begin closing
the distance between Atlantis and GRO. While the crew
sleeps, Atlantis will close from about 100 miles to within 50
miles behind the target.
An additional phasing maneuver will be made, early on
flight day 5, to move Atlantis to within 20 miles. The crew
then will conduct a final interception maneuver, using star
trackers and optical alignment sights to identify and close
in on the test point 8 miles behind GRO.
Stationkeeping 8 miles behind GRO, the crew will
maneuver Atlantis around the test point, using RCS jets to
conduct out-of-plane translations and attitude changes.
Following those, the crew will use the star trackers and
optical alignment sights to locate and maneuver back to the
stationkeeping point.
Acquired data will be used to assess manual
stationkeeping tools and techniques for potential rendezvous
cases in which orbiter radar systems are not available.
EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY DEVELOPMENTAL FLIGHT EXPERIMENT
On STS-37, astronauts will venture into the payload bay
for the 14th time in the 10-year history of the Shuttle
program, when mission specialists Jerry Ross and Jay Apt
perform a 6-hour extravehicular activity (EVA) during flight
day 4. When Ross opens the airlock hatch, he will be the
first astronaut to do so since he closed it Dec. 1, 1985,
during STS-61B.
During the spacewalk, Apt and Ross will test several
different translation devices which could be the predecessors
of devices to be used on Space Station Freedom. The flight
tests will answer questions including the speed of
translation, complexity of equipment required, ease of
translation and crew loads applied to tools and equipment for
future EVA experiences.
Ross is designated as extravehicular crew member 1 (EV1)
and will have red stripes on his spacesuit, while Apt is EV2.
Pilot Ken Cameron will perform the functions of the
intravehicular crewmember (IV1), monitoring the progress of
the spacewalk from inside Atlantis.
The EVA Developmental Flight Experiment (EDFE) is
composed of three sets of evaluations: the Crew and
Equipment Translation Aid (CETA); the Crew Loads Instruments
Pallet Experiment (CLIP), also known as Detailed Test
Objective (DTO) 1203; and the EVA Translation Evaluation,
DTOs 1202 and 1205.
Portable Data Aquisition Package
EDFE experiments require the use of a data recording
system, called the Portable Data Acquisition Package (PDAP),
that will collect information on stresses imparted to the
track and cart by the astronauts. The system also will
measure forces and torque imparted to the tools the
astroanuts use during the CLIP experiment.
The PDAP will record 32 channels of analog data with
each channel being sampled 150 times per second. The analog
signals will be digitized to 12-bit resolution, time tagged
and recorded on a hard disk for retrieval after landing.
The three PDAPs flown on Atlantis will be stored inside
the crew compartment and mounted on the EDFE experiments by
Ross and Apt after the spacewalk begins. They will be brought
back into the crew compartment at the completion of the EVA.
Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA)
CETA consists of three carts and a tether Shuttle that
move down a 46.8 foot track mounted on the port side of the
payload bay. While the Gamma Ray Observatory is in the
payload bay, the track is stored in two 23.4-foot sections in
the forward part of the bay. Crew members will extend the
track to the test position at the onset of the EVA and stow
it after the evaluations are complete.
The tether Shuttle is a small translation aid to which
astronauts clip their safety tethers. It also is equipped
with a small handhold for translations and rides on the CETA
track.
For each evaluation, the three CETA carts are mounted to
a common truck attached to the translation track. The truck
is an approximately 20-inch square assembly with four roller
clusters that ride on the track. The individual carts are
fixed to the truck for each evaluation and each has its own
brake.
The first cart to be tested will be the manual
configuration. Once positioned in the foot restraints, the
astronaut will propel himself, hand over hand, down the rail.
Both the tether Shuttle and the manual cart configuration are
baselined for Space Station Freedom.
The mechanical version resembles a railroad car
mechanism with which the astronaut pumps a T-handle to move.
This motion is converted by a gear train into the continuous
motion of two wheel drives. A leg restraint connects to the
CETA truck and the tether Shuttle to keep the astronaut in a
nearly prone position while pumping the cart.
The final CETA cart uses electrical currents, generated
by the astronaut, to move the truck down the rail. The
astronaut places himself in foot restraints and pumps two
handles in a bicycle-like motion to create a maximum of 24
volts to drive two small motors. The motors then propel the
truck down the track.
Maximum speed for all three carts is 6 feet per second.
Apt and Ross both will evaluate all three vehicles, at times
carrying each other to simulate transporting cargo to awork
station. Following the CETA evaluation, Ross and Apt will
begin working with the scheduled DTOs.
Detailed Test Objectives
CLIP consists of three force torque sensor plates, a
soft stowage assembly and a foot restraint system. The
CLIP assembly is stowed on the forward port side of the
payload bay. Crew members will perform specific tasks that
represent those used during normal EVAs, such as tightening a bolt
or turning a knob. The foot restraint and work site are
instrumented with sensors that measure the crew induced
loads to force and moment signals recorded on the PDAP. Most
of the tasks required for the CLIP evaluations will be
repeated twice by both EVA astronauts, for a total of about 80
tasks each.
ETE will obtain crew translation data for EVA systems
requirements definition, technique development and equipment
design. The ETE uses Shuttle hardware such as a manipulator
foot restraint and an EVA force measurement tool with various
standard orbiter hardware such as the remote manipulator
system and the RMS rope reel to evaluate translation rates
and techniques.
Astronauts inside Atlantis' crew compartment will
maneuver EVA crew members positioned in the MFR on the end of
the RMS. The arm will move the astronaut at speeds up to 1.3
feet per second at a distance no closer than 10 feet from the
orbiter to gauge maximum comfortable velocity rates and
acceleration.
Ross also will manually maneuver the RMS while it is
configured in "limp mode" to evaluate its ease of positioning
by an EVA astronaut. Going from the very complex systems of
the RMS to the very simple, the final evaluation if time
permits, will consist of astronauts crossing a rope strung
across the payload bay.
EDFE is sponsored by the Space Station Freedom and
managed by the Crew and Thermal Systems Division in the
Engineering Directorate at the Johnson Space Center.
BIOSERVE ITA MATERIALS DISPERSION APPARATUS (BIMDA)
The BioServe ITA Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BIMDA)
payload has been jointly developed by BioServe Space
Technologies, a NASA Center for Commercial Development of
Space (CCDS) located at the University of Colorado, Boulder,
and its industrial affiliate, Instrumentation Technology
Associates, Inc. (ITA), Exton, Penn. Also collaborating in
the BIMDA activity are researchers from NASA's Johnson Space
Center, Houston, and Ames Research Center, Mountain View,
Calif.
Sponsored by NASA's Office of Commercial Programs, the
objective of the BIMDA experiment is to obtain data on
scientific methods and potential commercial applications of
biomedical and fluid science processing and activities in the
microgravity environment of space.
The BIMDA primary elements, developed by ITA, are the
Materials Dispersion Apparatus (MDA) minilabs and their
controller with a self-contained power supply. The MDA
minilab is a compact device capable of mixing as many as 150
samples, using liquid-to-liquid processes using two or three
fluids, and can grow crystals, cast thin-film membranes and
conduct biomedical and fluid science experiments. The MDA
experiments include the study of protein crystal growth in
space, collagen polymerization, fibrin clot formation,
liquid-solid diffusion and the formation of thin film
membranes.
Another primary element of the BIMDA payload is the
bioprocessing testbed, designed and developed by BioServe.
The test bed contains the hardware for six bioprocessing
modules and six cell syringes. The bioprocessing testbed
elements will be used to mix cells with various activation
fluids followed by extended periods of metabolic activity and
subsequent sampling into a fixative solution. The
bioprocessing module and cell experiments are to determine
the response of live cells to various hormones and
stimulating agents under microgravity conditions.
On this first of three planned flights of BIMDA aboard
the Space Shuttle, 17 principal investigators will use the
MDA to explore the commercial potential of 61 different
experiments in the biomedical, manufacturing processes and
fluid sciences fields.
BIMDA Hardware
The BIMDA payload includes three elements of hardware:
cell syringes, bioprocessing modules (contained in a
bioprocessing testbed) and the Materials Dispersion Apparatus
(MDA) minilab units. All are contained within a
temperature-controlled environment provided by a NASA
Refrigerator/Incubator Module (R/IM) in a Shuttle middeck
locker position.
At the beginning of BIMDA activation, the testbed
housing the cell syringes and bioprocessing modules, will be
removed from the R\IM and attached with velcro to an
available surface within the middeck. The testbed will
remain outside the R/IM until BIMDA reconfiguration prior to
reentry. The MDA minilabs will remain within R/IM.
The cell syringe apparatus consists of six two-
chambered syringes containing biological cells, needle/valve
adapters and sample vials. When the plunger is depressed,
the payload is activated, thus the fluids in the two chambers
are mixed and permitted to react. Periodic samples are
taken during the flight, using the needle/valve adaptors and
sample vials.
The six bioprocessing module units each consist of
three syringes connected via tubing and a three-position
valve. The valve controls the flow of biological
cells/fluids between various syringes, allowing different
types of mixing and sampling from one syringe to another.
The valve apparatus provides options for variations in
the mixing of fluids.
The MDA minilabs will remain in the thermally
controlled environment of the R/IM during the entire flight.
Each MDA minilab unit consists of a number of sample blocks
having self-aligning reservoirs or reaction chambers in both
top and bottom portions of the device. By sliding one block
in relation to the other, the reservoirs align to allow the
dispersion to occur between substances contained within each
reservoir. The process of sliding the blocks can be repeated
to achieve time-dependent dispersion (or mixing) of different
substances. A prism window in each MDA unit allows the crew
member to determine the alignment of the blocks on each unit.
Lead investigator for the BIMDA payload is Dr. Marvin
Luttges, Director of BioServe Space Technologies.
PROTEIN CRYSTAL GROWTH EXPERIMENT
The Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) payload aboard STS-37
is a continuing series of experiments leading toward major
benefits in biomedical technology. The experiments on this
Space Shuttle mission could improve pharmaceutical agents
such as insulin for treatment of diabetes.
Protein crystals like inorganic crystals such as
quartz, are structured in a regular pattern. With a good
crystal, roughly the size of a grain of table salt,
scientists are able to study the protein's molecular
architecture.
Determining a protein crystal's molecular shape is an
essential step in several phases of medical research. Once
the three-dimensional structure of a protein is known, it may
be possible to design drugs that will either block or enhance
the protein's normal function within the body or other
organisms. Though crystallographic techniques can be used to
determine a protein's structure, this powerful technique has
been limited by problems encountered in obtaining high-
quality crystals, well ordered and large enough to yield
precise structural information.
Protein crystals grown on Earth often are small and
flawed. The problem associated with growing these crystals
is analogous to filling a sports stadium with fans who all
have reserved seats. Once the gate opens, people flock to
their seats and in the confusion, often sit in someone else's
place. On Earth, gravity-driven convection keeps the
molecules crowded around the "seats" as they attempt to order
themselves. Unfortunately, protein molecules are not as
particular as many of the smaller molecules and often are
content to take the wrong places in the structure.
As would happen if you let the fans in slowly,
microgravity allows the scientists to slow the rate at which
molecules arrive at their seats. Since the molecules have
more time to find their spot, fewer mistakes are made,
creating better and larger crystals.
During the STS-37 flight, experiments will be conducted
using bovine insulin. Though there are four processes used
to grow crystals on Earth -- vapor diffusion, liquid
diffusion, dialysis and batch process -- only batch process
will be used in this set of experiments. Shortly after
achieving orbit, a crewmember will activate the experiment to
grow insulin crystals.
Protein crystal growth experiments were first carried
out by the investigating team during Spacelab 3 in April
1985. The experiments have flown a total of 8 times, with
the first 4 primarily designed to develop space crystal
growth techniques and hardware.
The STS-26, -29, -32 and -31 experiments were the first
opportunities for scientific attempts to grow useful crystals
at controlled temperatures by vapor diffusion in
microgravity. The STS-37 set of PCG experiments will use the
batch process and fly in a new hardware configuration, the
Protein Crystallization Facility, developed by the PCG
investigators.
The PCG program is sponsored by NASA's Office of
Commercial Programs and the Office of Space Science and
Applications, with management provided through Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. Richard E. Valentine is
Mission Manager, Blair Herron is PCG experiment manager
and Dr. Daniel Carter is project scientist for Marshall.
Dr. Charles E. Bugg, director, Center for
Macromolecular Crystallography (CMC), a NASA Center for the
Commercial Development of Space located at the University of
Alabama-Birmingham, is lead investigator for the PCG
experiment. Dr. Lawrence J. DeLucas, associate director and
chief scientist, and Dr. Marianna Long, associate director
for commercial development, also are PCG investigators for
CMC.
SPACE STATION HEAT PIPE ADVANCED RADIATOR ELEMENT
The Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element-II
(SHARE-II) is a small middeck experiment that follows up the
evolving design of a full-scale heat pipe experiment carried
in the payload bay on STS-29.
On STS-29, a flight test of a 43-foot long heat pipe, a
proposed heat-dissipating radiator, found design flaws in the
manifold. The manifold is a portion of the radiator that
takes ammonia vaporized in an evaporator and moves it through
several pitchfork-oriented pipes that converge into one, long
single pipe that runs the length of the radiator. The
manifold on the original SHARE was designed in a T-shape,
with sharp angles that were discovered to block the vapor,
thus preventing the radiator from functioning.
On STS-37, two small, transparent test articles will be
flown in a single middeck locker. One test article,
representing about a 1.5-foot long section of heat pipe, will
simulate the actual size of the manifold section. The
redesigned manifold features more of a Y-shape convergence of
pipes, in theory allowing for easier transportation of the
fluid.
A second test article, about 1-foot long, will simulate
a screen inserted into a portion of the heat pipe to trap and
reduce bubbles in the fluid, thus preventing blockages in the
heat pipe.
SHARE-II has no power requirements. For the test of the
new manifold design, a crew member will open two valves that
will allow an ethanol and water mixture to flow through the
pipes. Information on the test will be recorded by
videotaping the flow with an onboard camcorder. The walls
and structure of both test articles are plexiglass, allowing
complete visibility into the pipes. Recordings of the flow
in the manifold test article will be repeated three times,
expected to take about 1 hour in total.
On the second article, testing a bubble-screening
portion of pipe, the crew will inject bubbles into one end of
the test article with a syringe. Then, using another
syringe, the crew will pull fluid from the opposite end of
the article to force the fluid and bubbles through the
screened section of pipe.
A third SHARE experiment is scheduled to fly on STS-43
featuring a redesigned 22-foot long radiator now planned
for use with Space Station Freedom.
SHUTTLE AMATEUR RADIO EXPERIMENT
Conducting shortwave radio transmissions between
ground-based amateur radio operators and a Shuttle-based amateur
radio operator is the basis for the Shuttle Amateur Radio
Experiment (SAREX) to fly aboard STS-37.
SAREX will communicate with amateur stations in
line-of-sight of the orbiter in one of four transmission modes:
voice, slow scan television (SSTV), data or (uplink only)
fast scan television (FSTV). The voice mode is operated
in the crew-attended mode while SSTV, data or FSTV can be
operated in either an attended or automatic mode.
During STS-37, Pilot Ken Cameron, a licensed
operator (KB5AWP), will operate SAREX when he is not scheduled for
orbiter or other payload activities. Cameron will make at
least four transmissions to test each transmission mode. The
remaining members of the STS-37 crew -- Commander Steve Nagel
(N5RAW) and mission specialists Linda Godwin (N5RAX), Jay
Apt (N5QWL) and Jerry Ross (KB5OHL) -- also are licensed ham
operators.
SAREX crew tended operating times will be dictated by
the time of launch. Cameron will operate SAREX, a secondary
payload, during his pre- and post-sleep activities each day.
Cameron and his crewmates also may operate SAREX
throughout their work day as their schedules permit. This means
that amateur stations below the Shuttle during SAREX operating
times can communicate with the Atlantis crew. Crew
members also will attempt to contact the Soviet space station
Mir, but any such contact will depend on each of the
spacecraft's orbital paths.
The robotic mode of SAREX will provide automated
operation with little human intervention. The robot is
used when the crew is not directly involved in the system's
operations and is expected to cover most of the U.S.
passes.
SAREX previously has flown on missions STS-9, STS-51F
and STS-35 in different configurations, including the
following hardware: a low-power hand-held FM transceiver; a
spare battery set; an interface module; a headset assembly
and an equipment assembly cabinet that has been redesigned
since its last flight on STS-51F. The cabinet now includes
the packet system and can hold the camera and monitors.
Additional hardware includes: a television camera and
monitor; a payload general support computer (PGSC); and
an antenna which will be mounted in a forward flight window
with a fast scan television (FSTV) module added to the
assembly.
SAREX is a joint effort of NASA, the American Radio
Relay League (ARRL)/Amateur Radio Satellite Corporation
(AMSAT) and the JSC Amateur Radio Club.
STS-37 SAREX Frequencies
Shuttle Transmitting
Accompanying Shuttle
Frequency
Receiving Frequencies
Group 1 145.55 MHz
144.95 MHz
145.55
144.91
145.55
144.97
Group 2 145.51
144.91
145.51
144.93
145.51
144.99
Group 1 includes voice and slow scan operations.
Group 2 includes digital and packet operations.
The 10 U.S. educational groups scheduled to contact
Atlantis are: Clear Creek Independent School District of
Houston; The University School in Shaker Heights, Ohio;
Discovery Center Museum in Rockford, Ill.; Potter Junior High
School in Fallbrook, Calif.; Hanover Elementary School in
Bethlehem, Pa.; several schools in Southwest Oklahoma with
operations based in Lawton; Lyman High School in Longwood,
Fla.; Monroe Central School in Parker City, Ind.; Beaver
Creek Elementary School in Downington, Pa.; and Reizenstein
Middle School in Pittsburgh, Pa.
ADVANCED SHUTTLE GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS
On STS-37, Atlantis' avionics system will feature the
first set of five upgraded general purpose computers (GPCs),
plus a spare, to fly aboard the Shuttle.
The updated computers have more than twice the memory
and three times the processing speed of their predecessors.
Officially designated the IBM AP-101S, built by IBM, Inc.,
they are half the size, about half the weight and require
less electricity than the first-generation GPCs. The central
processor unit and input/output processor, previously
installed as two separate boxes, are now a single unit.
The new GPCs use the existing Shuttle software with only
subtle changes. However, the increases in memory and
processing speed allow for future innovations in the
Shuttle's data processing system.
Although there is no real difference in the way the crew
will operate with the new computers, the upgrade increases
the reliability and efficiency in commanding the Shuttle
systems. The predicted "mean time between failures" (MTBF)
for the advanced GPCs is 6,000 hours, and it is hoped to
reach 10,000 hours. The MTBF for the original GPCs is 5,200
hours.
Specifications
Dimensions: 19.55" x 7.62" x 10.2"
Weight: 64 lbs
Memory capacity: 262,000 words (32-bits each)
Processing rate: 1 million instructions per second
Power requirements: 550 watts
RADIATION MONITORING EXPERIMENT-III
Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III (RME-III) measures
the rate and dosage of ionizing radiation to the crew at
different locations throughout the orbiter cabin. The hand-
held instrument measures gamma ray, electron, neutron and
proton radiation and calculates the amount of exposure. The
information is stored in memory modules for post-flight analysis.
RME-III will be stored in a middeck locker during flight
except for when it is turned on and when memory modules are
replaced every 2 days. It will be activated as soon as
possible after achieving orbit and will operate throughout
the flight. To activate the instrument, a crew member will
enter the correct mission elapsed time.
The instrument contains a liquid crystal display for
real-time data readings and a keyboard for function control.
It has four zinc-air batteries and five AA batteries in each
replaceable memory module and two zinc-air batteries in the
main module.
RME-III, which has flown on STS-31 and STS-41, is the
current configuration, replacing the earlier RME-I and RME-II
units. The Department of Defense, in cooperation with NASA,
sponsors the data gathering instrument.
ASCENT PARTICLE MONITOR
The Ascent Particle Monitor (APM) instruments will be
mounted in Atlantis' payload bay during STS-37 to measure
contaminants in the bay during launch and ascent.
The APM is a completely automatic system consisting of a
small aluminum sample box with doors that will open
immediately prior to liftoff. When the doors are opened, 12
sample collection coupons are exposed to gather particles in
the environment. The doors close following ascent to protect
the samples for analysis after Atlantis has landed. The APM
has flown previously on several Shuttle missions and is part
of an ongoing effort to better characterize the cargo bay
environment during launch.
STS-37 CREW BIOGRAPHIES
Steven R. Nagel, 44, Col., USAF, will serve as Commander
of STS-37. Selected as an astronaut in August 1979, Nagel
considers Canton, Ill., his hometown. Nagel first flew as a
mission specialist on STS-51G, launched in June 1985 to
deploy three communications satellites. Nagel next served as
Pilot for STS-61A, the West German D-1 Spacelab mission,
launched in October 1985.
Nagel graduated from Canton Senior High School in 1964;
received a bachelor of science in aeronautical and
astronautical engineering from the University of Illinois in
1969; and received a master of science in mechanical
engineering from California State University, Fresno, in
1978.
Nagel received his commission in 1969 through the Air
Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program at the
University of Illinois. He completed undergraduate pilot
training at Laredo Air Force Base, Texas, in February 1970,
and subsequently reported to Luke Air Force Base, Arizona,
for F-100 checkout training.
He served as an F-100 pilot with the 68th Tactical
Fighter Squadron from October 1970 to July 1971, and then
served a 1-year tour of duty as a T-28 instructor for the
Laotian Air Force at Udorn RTAFB, Udorn, Thailand. In 1975,
he attended the USAF Test Pilot School and was assigned to
the 6512th Test Squadron located at Edwards Air Force Base,
Calif., upon graduation. He worked as a test pilot on
various projects, including flying the F-4 and A-7D. Nagel
has logged more than 6,300 hours flying time, 4,000 hours in
jet aircraft.
Kenneth D. Cameron, 41, Lt. Col., USMC, will serve as
Pilot. Cameron was selected as an astronaut in June 1985,
considers Cleveland his hometown and will be making his first
space flight.
Cameron graduated from Rocky River High School, Ohio, in
1967. He received bachelor and master of science degrees in
aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology.
He enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1969 at Paris Island,
N. C., and was assigned in Vietnam for 1 year as a platoon
commander with the 1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment and
later, with the Marine Security Guards at the U.S. Embassy,
Saigon. Cameron received his wings in 1973 at Pensacola,
Fla., and was assigned to Marine Attack Squadron 223, flying
A-4M Skyhawks.
He graduated from the Navy Test Pilot School in 1983 and
was assigned as project officer and test pilot in the F/A-18,
A-4 and OV-10 airplanes with the Systems Engineering Test
Directorate at the Naval Air Test Center. Cameron has logged
more than 3,000 hours flying time in 46 different aircraft.
Linda M. Godwin, 38, will serve as Mission Specialist 1
(MS1). Selected as an astronaut in 1985, Godwin was born in
Cape Girardeau, Mo. Godwin graduated from Jackson High
School, Mo., in 1970; received a bachelor of science in
mathematics and physics from Southeast Missouri State in
1974; and received a master of science and doctorate in
physics from the University of Missouri in 1976 and 1980,
respectively.
Godwin joined NASA in 1980, working in the Payload
Operations Division at the Johnson Space Center as a flight
controller and payloads officer. Godwin is an instrument
rated private pilot.
Jerry L. Ross, 43, Lt. Col., USAF, will serve as Mission
Specialist 2 (MS2). Selected as an astronaut in May 1980,
Ross considers Crown Point, Ind., his hometown and will be
making his third space flight.
Ross first flew as a mission specialist on STS 61-B,
launched in November 1985 to deploy three communications
satellites. During the flight, Ross performed two 6-hour
spacewalks to demonstrate space construction techniques.
Ross next flew on STS-27, launched in December 1988, a
Department of Defense-dedicated flight.
Ross graduated from Crown Point High School in 1966.
He received a bachelor of science and master of science in
mechanical engineering from Purdue University in 1970 and
1972, respectively. Ross has logged 207 hours in space,
including 12 hours of spacewalk time.
Jay Apt, 41, will serve as mission specialist 3 (MS3).
Selected as an astronaut in June 1985, Apt considers
Pittsburgh, Pa., his hometown and will be making his first
space flight.
He graduated from Shady Side Academy in Pittsburgh in
1967; received a bachelor of arts in physics from Harvard
College in 1971; and received a doctorate in physics from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976.
Apt joined NASA in 1980 and worked in the Earth and
Space Sciences Division of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
doing planetary research as part of the Pioneer Venus
Orbiter Infrared Team. In 1981, he became the Manager of JPL's
Table Mountain Observatory.
From the fifth Shuttle mission in 1982 through the 16th
in 1985, he served as a flight controller and payloads
officer. Apt has logged more than 2,200 hours flying time in
25 different types of airplanes, sailplanes and human-powered
aircraft.
STS-37 MISSION MANAGEMENT
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
Richard H. Truly Administrator
J.R. Thompson Deputy Administrator
Dr. William B. Lenoir Associate Administrator, Office of Space Flight
Robert L. Crippen Director, Space Shuttle
Leonard S. Nicholson Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Program)
Brewster Shaw Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Operations)
Dr. Lennard A. Fisk Associate Administrator, Space Science and
Applications
Alphonso V. Diaz Deputy Associate Administrator, Space Science
and Applications
Dr. Charles J. Pellerin, Jr. Director, Astrophysics Division
Douglas R. Broome GRO Program Manager
Dr. Alan N. Bunner GRO Program Scientist
Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Md.
Dr. John M. Klineberg GSFC Director
Peter Burr GSFC Deputy Director
Dr. Dale W. Harris Acting Director, Flight Projects Directorate
Dale L. Fahnestock Director, Mission Operations and Data
Systems Directorate
John Hrastar GRO Project Manager
Thomas LaVigna GRO Deputy Project Manager
Karl Schauer GRO Mission Operations Manager
Robert Ross GRO Systems Manager
Martin Davis GRO Observatory Manager
Jimmy Cooley GRO Instrument Manager
Dr. Donald Kniffen GRO Project Scientist
Dr. Carl Fichtel Co-Principal Investigator, EGRET
Dr. Eric Chipman Director, GRO Science Support Center
Kennedy Space Center
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
Forrest S. McCartney Director
Jay Honeycutt Director, Shuttle Management and Operations
Robert B. Sieck Launch Director
John T. Conway Director, Payload Management and Operations
Joanne H. Morgan Director, Payload Project Management
Robert Webster STS-37 Payload Manager
Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
Thomas J. Lee Director
Dr. J. Wayne Littles Deputy Director
G. Porter Bridwell Manager, Shuttle Projects Office
Dr. George F. McDonough Director, Science and Engineering
Alexander A. McCool Director, Safety and Mission Assurance
Victor Keith Henson Manager, Solid Rocket Motor Project
Cary H. Rutland Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project
Jerry W. Smelser Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project
Gerald C. Ladner Manager, External Tank Project
Johnson Space Center
Houston, Tex.
Aaron Cohen Director
Paul J. Weitz Deputy Director
Daniel Germany Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects
P.J. Weitz Acting Director, Flight Crew Operations
Eugene F. Kranz Director, Mission Operations
Henry O. Pohl Director, Engineering
Charles S. Harlan Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality
Assurance
Stennis Space Center
Bay St. Louis, Miss.
Roy S. Estess Director
Gerald W. Smith Deputy Director
J. Harry Guin Director, Propulsion Test Operations
Dryden Flight Research Facility
Edwards, Calif.
Kenneth J. Szalai Director
T. G. Ayers Deputy Director
James R. Phelps Chief, Shuttle Support Office
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