State Dept. Documents Concerning Human Rights Violations: Guatemala, 1984 - 1995
by U.S. Department of State
U.S. Department of State
96/05/03 Guatemala Human Rights Violations
PREFACE
State Department Documents Concerning Human Rights Violations in Guatemala, 1984 - 1995
CONTENTS
I. BACKGROUND
II. METHODOLOGY
III. DISSEMINATION
IV. SUMMARY OF THE "GUATEMALA COLLECTION"
Addenda
1. Document review categories
2. Notes on FOIA exemptions
3. Letters from SSCI and President Clinton
I. BACKGROUND
During the past year, increasing concern about human rights
violations against American citizens and others in Guatemala has
stimulated strong Congressional, media and public interest.
In letters received from February to April 1995, the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) requested the Department's records on
the deaths of Michael DeVine, Efrain Bamaca Velasquez, Jack Shelton,
Nicholas Blake and Griffin Davis, the abuse of Sister Dianna Ortiz and
the reported role of Guatemalan military Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez
in the deaths of Messrs. DeVine and Bamaca. The Chairman of the SSCI
also communicated his concern about these human rights violations to the
President, who replied to the Chairman in a letter dated June 22, 1995.
See addendum 3 for these letters.
On March 30, 1995, the President directed the Intelligence
Oversight Board (IOB) to conduct a government-wide review concerning the
Bamaca case and other cases involving human rights abuses against
American citizens in Guatemala from 1984. In conjunction with this
investigation, the Inspectors General at the Justice and State
Departments, CIA and the Pentagon conducted inquiries into the
allegations publicized in the media and reflected in the Congressional
requests. The President has stated that once the IOB's review is
completed all appropriate information will be released to the public.
In early April 1995, the Departmnt, among other agencies, took
immediate action to compile and reserve all materials relating to
specified subjects and categories of human rights abuses in Guatemala
between 1984 and 1995, and made them available to the Department's
Office of the Inspector General (OIG) to facilitate the OIG's review and
report to the IOB. These materials were thereafter made available for
ongoing internal Department review as well as for continuing review by
the IOB, eventual transmittal to the SSCI, and, as appropriate, for
general public access. In conjunction with these efforts, the
Department established a special task force to review the pertinent
Department records on Guatemala.
II. METHODOLOGY
The Department retrieved and reviewed 6,350 relevant documents
from its files. These documents consisted of material generated by or
received by the Department. Not included were documents in the
Department's custody or control generated by another Executive Branch
agency or originally received by such an agency from any source other
than the Department of State. Additionally, Congressional letters to
the Department transmitting letters from constituents were not reviewed
unless they were from human rights victims, their families or close
associates.
Although the review was performed in order to release as much
information to the public as possible, the Department was not in a
position to release a small quantity of materials:
-- because of the strictures of statutes, e.g., documents dealing
with the issuance or refusal of visas to individuals;
-- because the material was so sensitive that it had to be withheld
from the public since it remains currently and properly classified in
accordance with the provisions of the President's Executive Order on
Classified National Security Information, e.g., protection of
intelligence sources or methods or confidential exchanges with foreign
government officials;
-- because of the requirement to protect the privacy of individuals;
-- and because of the need to protect the deliberative process of
the Executive Branch.
No information was withheld to avoid embarrassment to the
Department.
At the end of the process, the Department had two sets of
documents, together known as the "Guatemala Collection." One set
consisted of materials releasable to the public (the "public set" for
short). The second set consisted of materials restricted to those with
proper security clearances, need to know, and/or eligibility under the
Privacy Act (the "restricted set" for short); about one third of the
restricted material is classified; most of the rest is restricted from
the public because of Privacy Act concerns.
The public set consists of 4,727 documents released in full, plus
another 1,120 documents judged releasable with some excisions (for a
total of 5,847 documents, or just under 92 percent of the total number
of relevant documents). The restricted set consists of 503 documents
denied in full (just over 8 percent of the total). The restricted set
also contains the complete texts of the 1,120 partially released
documents, with those portions excised from the public set noted, along
with the reasons for the excisions.
Because the review resembled a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
case, each released or declassified document bears stamps identical to
those used in FOIA cases. The stamps indicate, usually at the top of
the page, whether the document has been released or declassified in full
or in part. Documents withheld in part have stamps indicating "Released
in Part" or "Declassified in Part" and identifying the applicable FOIA
exemption(s). Unclassified documents released in full bear only
"Released" and "Declassified" stamps. Released "Limited Official Use"
documents bear "Decontrolled" stamps. Addendum 2 to this preface
contains additional explanatory notes about categories of exemptions.
The hand-written numbers visible at the top right corner of a
document were placed there in the early stages of docecause of the need to
protect the deliberative process of the Executive Branch.
No information was withheld to avoid embarrassment to the Department.
At the end of the process, the Department had two sets of
documents, together known as the "Guatemala Collection." One set
consisted of materials releasable to the public (the "public set" for
short). The second set consisted of materials restricted to those with
proper security clearances, need to know, and/or eligibility under the
Privacy Act (the "restricted set" for short); about one third of the
restricted material is classified; most of the rest is restricted from
the public because of Privacy Act concerns.
The public set consists of 4,727 documents released in full, plus
another 1,120 documents judged releasable with some excisions (for a
total of 5,847 documents, or just under 92 percent of the total number
of relevant documents). The restricted set consists of 503 documents
denied in full (just over 8 percent of the total). The restricted set
also contains the complete texts of the 1,120 partially released
documents, with those portions excised from the public set noted, along
with the reasons for the excisions.
Because the review resembled a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
case, each released or declassified document bears stamps identical to
those used in FOIA cases. The stamps indicate, usually at the top of
the page, whether the document has been released or declassified in full
or in part. Documents withheld in part have stamps indicating "Released
in Part" or "Declassified in Part" and identifying the applicable FOIA
exemption(s). Unclassified documents released in full bear only
"Released" and "Declassified" stamps. Released "Limited Official Use"
documents bear "Decontrolled" stamps. Addendum 2 to this preface
contains additional explanatory notes about categories of exemptions.
The hand-written numbers visible at the top right corner of a
document were placed there in the early stages of document collection
for this Special Project, and were for the internal use of the Office of
Freedom of Information, Privacy and Classification Review (FPC).
Documents were retrieved from multiple sources each involving a
different numbering system. Subsequent internal processing of the
documents has rendered those numbers meaningless to the reader.
III. DISSEMINATION
Three complete sets of the Guatemala Collection, including public
and restricted materials, have been delivered to the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and
the House International Affairs Committee. In keeping with the
President's and the Secretary of State's interest in providing the
public with a full accounting of U.S. Government involvement in
Guatemala, the public set is available to the press, visitors and
researchers in Room 1239, the FOIA Reading Room, at the Department of
State. The public set will also be available at the National Archives.
As a courtesy, individual victims or their families received pertinent
portions of the public set.
IV. SUMMARY OF THE "GUATEMALA COLLECTION"
Because the documents were originally collected as part of the
Inspector General's investigation for the Intelligence Oversight Board,
they date from January 1984, the earliest date within the IOB's review,
and proceed through March 1995 when document collection began.
During this period, the Guatemalan Government and Army were
fighting a guerrilla army conducting an entrenched insurgency in remote
areas of the country. In the context of this war, the human rights
situation was a serious problem as chronicled in detail in the State
Department's annual Human Rights Reports to Congress. Officially
perpetrated violence generated major tensions in U.S.-Guatemalan
relations and led the United States Government to suspend military aid
more than once.
Also during this period, the State Department's Bureau of Consular
Affairs issued regular travel advisories warning U.S. citizens of the
dangers of travelling in Guatemala. Nevertheless, as the "Guatemala
Collection" shows, tourists, journalists, missionaries, a Peace Corps
volunteer, and other U.S. citizens became victims of violence, some of
it perpetrated by official members of the Guatemalan security forces,
some by criminals, others unknown; in only one case have culprits been
tried and punished.
The "Guatemala Collection" largely documents the work of consular
and other Embassy officers attending to the needs of U.S. citizens in
distress and their families. These officials worked in a violent and
polarized political environment, when relations with the host government
were often strained. These pages document the many representations made
at various levels to the Government of Guatemala to obtain information
and to encourage law enforcement investigations into human rights
abuses. In some cases cooperation was excellent; in others, U.S.
officials went to extraordinary lengths to elicit information from
uncooperative Guatemalan authorities. This included using the threat of
suspending U.S. foreign assistance, and the actual ending of some types
of such assistance to bring pressure to bear in specific cases.
To facilitate the reader's research into a specific topic, the
documents are segregated into 20 review categories listed in addendum 1.
What follows is a brief summary of the kinds of documents to be found in
each category. Since a given document may have dealt with more than one
of the categories, a copy will be found in each pertinent segment. The
first 18 categories are organized alphabetically according to documents
relating to a specific name. Category 19 contains documents relating to
other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations during the period;
category 20 contains documents dealing with human rights violations
against non-U.S. citizens.
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez: a Guatemalan Army officer suspected
of covering up the Michael DeVine murder (categoryument collection
for this Special Project, and were for the internal use of the Office of
Freedom of Information, Privacy and Classification Review (FPC).
Documents were retrieved from multiple sources each involving a
different numbering system. Subsequent internal processing of the
documents has rendered those numbers meaningless to the reader.
III. DISSEMINATION
Three complete sets of the Guatemala Collection, including public
and restricted materials, have been delivered to the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and
the House International Affairs Committee. In keeping with the
President's and the Secretary of State's interest in providing the
public with a full accounting of U.S. Government involvement in
Guatemala, the public set is available to the press, visitors and
researchers in Room 1239, the FOIA Reading Room, at the Department of
State. The public set will also be available at the National Archives.
As a courtesy, individual victims or their families received pertinent
portions of the public set.
IV. SUMMARY OF THE "GUATEMALA COLLECTION"
Because the documents were originally collected as part of the
Inspector General's investigation for the Intelligence Oversight Board,
they date from January 1984, the earliest date within the IOB's review,
and proceed through March 1995 when document collection began.
During this period, the Guatemalan Government and Army were
fighting a guerrilla army conducting an entrenched insurgency in remote
areas of the country. In the context of this war, the human rights
situation was a serious problem as chronicled in detail in the State
Department's annual Human Rights Reports to Congress. Officially
perpetrated violence generated major tensions in U.S.-Guatemalan
relations and led the United States Government to suspend military aid
more than once.
Also during this period, the State Department's Bureau of Consular
Affairs issued regular travel advisories warning U.S. citizens of the
dangers of travelling in Guatemala. Nevertheless, as the "Guatemala
Collection" shows, tourists, journalists, missionaries, a Peace Corps
volunteer, and other U.S. citizens became victims of violence, some of
it perpetrated by official members of the Guatemalan security forces,
some by criminals, others unknown; in only one case have culprits been
tried and punished.
The "Guatemala Collection" largely documents the work of consular
and other Embassy officers attending to the needs of U.S. citizens in
distress and their families. These officials worked in a violent and
polarized political environment, when relations with the host government
were often strained. These pages document the many representations made
at various levels to the Government of Guatemala to obtain information
and to encourage law enforcement investigations into human rights
abuses. In some cases cooperation was excellent; in others, U.S.
officials went to extraordinary lengths to elicit information from
uncooperative Guatemalan authorities. This included using the threat of
suspending U.S. foreign assistance, and the actual ending of some types
of such assistance to bring pressure to bear in specific cases.
To facilitate the reader's research into a specific topic, the
documents are segregated into 20 review categories listed in addendum 1.
What follows is a brief summary of the kinds of documents to be found in
each category. Since a given document may have dealt with more than one
of the categories, a copy will be found in each pertinent segment. The
first 18 categories are organized alphabetically according to documents
relating to a specific name. Category 19 contains documents relating to
other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations during the period;
category 20 contains documents dealing with human rights violations
against non-U.S. citizens.
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez: a Guatemalan Army officer suspected
of covering up the Michael DeVine murder (category 5) and of being
involved in the interrogation and suspected murder of Efrain Bamaca
(category 2). In this category are Embassy reporting cables on many
aspects of the DeVine case, as well as internal Embassy memoranda.
Included are State Department briefing memoranda, demarche instruction
cables and talking points, updates and chronologies in the case, and
analyses of the political, military, and human rights situations in
Guatemala. Following allegations that Alpirez was a CIA source who may
have been involved in the Bamaca case, cables were sent between the
Embassy and the Department clarifying information and establishing
Department positions for response to the requests for information from
the Congress, the press and the public. Many of the documents are
copies of press reports and congressional correspondence. Because this
category contains extensive intelligence information of recent origin, a
number of the documents have been withheld from the public on national
security grounds.
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez: a Guatemalan guerrilla leader captured by
the Guatemalan Army in 1992 and presumably killed. U.S. citizen
Jennifer Harbury later identified Mr. Bamaca as her husband. The
documents in this category record the U.S. Government's response to Ms.
Harbury's attempts to ascertain the fate of Mr. Bamaca. Many of the
documents are the same ones found in category 1. Many are cables,
memoranda, e-mails, and other records of U.S. officials' meetings with
Ms. Harbury. Discussions held with the Guatemalan Government to obtain
more information about Mr. Bamaca are also extensively documented.
Included are case summaries, chronologies, press reports, documents
generated by "Coalition Missing" (a U.S. Human Rights organization
representing U.S. victims of Guatemalan violence), and general analyses
of events in Guatemala.
3 and 4. Nicholas Blake and Griffith Davis: U.S. citizen journalist
and photographer, respectively, who were murdered by paramilitary forces
in a conflictive zone in 1985. This category documents the intense
efforts of the Embassy to find out what happened to Messrs. Blake and
Davis. Included are many consular cables and memoranda explaining
actions proposed and taken, as well as correspondence with the families.
Also included are press reports and documentation of efforts to exhume
the bodies and of meetings with Guatemalans. The category contains
extensive legal papers regarding the families' suit against the
Government of Guatemala in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
5. Michael DeVine: a U.S. citizen resident of Guatemala murdered by
Guatemalan Army troops in June 1990. The Michael DeVine murder and the
subsequent investigation generated a large number of consular cables.
These are followed by briefing memoranda, demarche cables, talking
points, analyses, memoranda of conversation and other documents
detailing the United States government's efforts to discover the facts
of the case and bring the perpetrators to justice. Cables reporting on
the progress of criminal proceedings against those charged with the
murder are also included.
6. John Gauker: a U.S. citizen who died with four other Americans
(categories 7, 10, 12, 16) in a 1976 plane crash which some suspect was
caused by Guatemalan Army small arms fire. Because the Guatemala
collection begins with documents generated in January 1984, the original
consular and other documents from the time of the crash are not
included. The categories include some short case summaries, letters
from family members, Coalition Missing documents and congressional
correspondence.
7. Ann Louise Kerndt: see Category 6.
8. Meredith Larson: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was
stabbed in December 1989. She recovered from her wounds. The assault
on Ms. Larson and events associated with it are documented in consular
cables. High-level representations made by the Embassy to the
Government of Guatemala regarding the case are also recorded. The
category inc. citizens of the dangers of travelling in Guatemala.
Nevertheless, as the "Guatemala Collection" shows, tourists, journalists, missionaries, a Peace Corps volunteer, and other U.S. citizens became victims of violence, some of it perpetrated by official members of the Guatemalan security forces, some by criminals, others unknown; in only one case have culprits been tried and punished.
The "Guatemala Collection" largely documents the work of consular
and other Embassy officers attending to the needs of U.S. citizens in
distress and their families. These officials worked in a violent and
polarized political environment, when relations with the host government
were often strained. These pages document the many representations made
at various levels to the Government of Guatemala to obtain information
and to encourage law enforcement investigations into human rights
abuses. In some cases cooperation was excellent; in others, U.S.
officials went to extraordinary lengths to elicit information from
uncooperative Guatemalan authorities. This included using the threat of
suspending U.S. foreign assistance, and the actual ending of some types
of such assistance to bring pressure to bear in specific cases.
To facilitate the reader's research into a specific topic, the
documents are segregated into 20 review categories listed in addendum 1.
What follows is a brief summary of the kinds of documents to be found in
each category. Since a given document may have dealt with more than one
of the categories, a copy will be found in each pertinent segment. The
first 18 categories are organized alphabetically according to documents
relating to a specific name. Category 19 contains documents relating to
other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations during the period;
category 20 contains documents dealing with human rights violations
against non-U.S. citizens.
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez: a Guatemalan Army officer suspected
of covering up the Michael DeVine murder (category 5) and of being
involved in the interrogation and suspected murder of Efrain Bamaca
(category 2). In this category are Embassy reporting cables on many
aspects of the DeVine case, as well as internal Embassy memoranda.
Included are State Department briefing memoranda, demarche instruction
cables and talking points, updates and chronologies in the case, and
analyses of the political, military, and human rights situations in
Guatemala. Following allegations that Alpirez was a CIA source who may
have been involved in the Bamaca case, cables were sent between the
Embassy and the Department clarifying information and establishing
Department positions for response to the requests for information from
the Congress, the press and the public. Many of the documents are
copies of press reports and congressional correspondence. Because this
category contains extensive intelligence information of recent origin, a
number of the documents have been withheld from the public on national
security grounds.
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez: a Guatemalan guerrilla leader captured by
the Guatemalan Army in 1992 and presumably killed. U.S. citizen
Jennifer Harbury later identified Mr. Bamaca as her husband. The
documents in this category record the U.S. Government's response to Ms.
Harbury's attempts to ascertain the fate of Mr. Bamaca. Many of the
documents are the same ones found in category 1. Many are cables,
memoranda, e-mails, and other records of U.S. officials' meetings with
Ms. Harbury. Discussions held with the Guatemalan Government to obtain
more information about Mr. Bamaca are also extensively documented.
Included are case summaries, chronologies, press reports, documents
generated by "Coalition Missing" (a U.S. Human Rights organization
representing U.S. victims of Guatemalan violence), and general analyses
of events in Guatemala.
3 and 4. Nicholas Blake and Griffith Davis: U.S. citizen journalist
and photographer, respectively, who were murdered by paramilitary forces
in a conflictive zone in 1985. This category documents the intense
efforts of the Embassy to find out what happened to Messrs. Blake and
Davis. Included are many consular cables and memoranda explaining
actions proposed and taken, as well as correspondence with the families.
Also included are press reports and documentation of efforts to exhume
the bodies and of meetings with Guatemalans. The category contains
extensive legal papers regarding the families' suit against the
Government of Guatemala in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
5. Michael DeVine: a U.S. citizen resident of Guatemala murdered by
Guatemalan Army troops in June 1990. The Michael DeVine murder and the
subsequent investigation generated a large number of consular cables.
These are followed by briefing memoranda, demarche cables, talking
points, analyses, memoranda of conversation and other documents
detailing the United States government's efforts to discover the facts
of the case and bring the perpetrators to justice. Cables reporting on
the progress of criminal proceedings against those charged with the
murder are also included.
6. John Gauker: a U.S. citizen who died with four other Americans
(categories 7, 10, 12, 16) in a 1976 plane crash which some suspect was
caused by Guatemalan Army small arms fire. Because the Guatemala
collection begins with documents generated in January 1984, the original
consular and other documents from the time of the crash are not
included. The categories include some short case summaries, letters
from family members, Coalition Missing documents and congressional
correspondence.
7. Ann Louise Kerndt: see Category 6.
8. Meredith Larson: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was
stabbed in December 1989. She recovered from her wounds. The assault
on Ms. Larson and events associated with it are documented in consular
cables. High-level representations made by the Embassy to the
Government of Guatemala regarding the case are also recorded. The
category includes Coalition Missing documents, memoranda recording
meetings with Coalition Missing members, correspondence with Ms. Larson,
press reports, and congressional correspondence.
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller: a U.S. citizen missionary shot to
death in February 1982 in Huehuetenango. Because Brother Miller was
killed prior to the January 1984 beginning date for the "Guatemala
Collection," Embassy documentation of the case is not included. This
category contains a 1984 State Department decision memorandum in which
the Miller case is mentioned, calling for a continuance of security
assistance despite Guatemala's poor human rights record. Also included
are congressional correspondence, a memorandum of a panel discussion on
the U.S. role in Guatemala, and Coalition Missing documents.
10. Michael Okada: see category 6.
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz: a U.S. citizen nun who reported that she was
abducted, raped and tortured by Guatemalan Army personnel in November
1989. The documents in this category contain Embassy cables, memoranda
and letters indicating efforts to determine exactly what happened to
Sister Ortiz. The documents also show the many difficulties faced by
U.S. officials as they attempted to offer assistance to Sister Ortiz and
to elucidate what happened in this case. Included are congressional
correspondence, press reports, press guidance, and Coalition Missing
documents.
12. Selwyn Puig: see category 6.
13. Fr. Stanley Rother: a U.S. citizen priest shot to death in July
1981 in Santiago Atitlan, which precedes the date of documents included
in this release. This category contains many of the same documents
found in case 9. Also included are congressional correspondence, press
reports, memoranda documenting consular activity, and several memoranda
of conversation.
14. Jack Shelton: a U.S. citizen who disappeared in Guatemala in 1981.
The case includes consular cables dating from 1984 and after which
document efforts to discover what happened to Mr. Shelton, along with
responses to congressional interest letters. The 1984 Human Rights
Report is among the documents, as are press guidance, diplomatic notes
requesting information from the Government of Guatemala, and case
summaries. The petition before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
in the case of Nicholas Blake is also included.
15. Peter Tiscione: a U.S. citizen tourist who was found dead in his
hotel room in Guatemala City in September 1992. Consular activity
regarding the death of Mr. Tiscione is documented in this category.
Also included are Department of State memoranda.
16. William Woods: see category 6.
17. Peter Harper Wolfe: a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer who was shot to
death in Guatemala City in October 1984. Cables regarding the death of
Mr. Wolfe and documenting discussions with Guatemalan officials are
included in this category. Because Mr. Wolfe was associated with the
U.S. Government, this case was not treated in consular channels. Cables
and memoranda discuss the disposition of the accused murderer and his
subsequent death in a motorcycle accident. There are also diplomatic
notes, autopsy results, case summaries, and a letter from Mr. Wolfe's
brother.
18. Josh Zinner: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was abducted
and released in 1990. This category includes Embassy cables as well as
Coalition Missing documents and memoranda reporting on State Department
meetings with Coalition Missing representatives.
19. Other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in Guatemala:
1984 - 1995. The category is comprised of: general Embassy cables on
the human rights situation, Department of State memoranda, congressional
correspondence, Embassy reports on the Catholic Church, case summaries,
reports on harassment and intimidation (including death threats) against
U.S. citizens. Also included are press guidance, human rights reports,
press articles, cables on refugees, updates, and documents from
Coalition Missing and other h 5) and of being
involved in the interrogation and suspected murder of Efrain Bamaca
(category 2). In this category are Embassy reporting cables on many
aspects of the DeVine case, as well as internal Embassy memoranda.
Included are State Department briefing memoranda, demarche instruction
cables and talking points, updates and chronologies in the case, and
analyses of the political, military, and human rights situations in
Guatemala. Following allegations that Alpirez was a CIA source who may
have been involved in the Bamaca case, cables were sent between the
Embassy and the Department clarifying information and establishing
Department positions for response to the requests for information from
the Congress, the press and the public. Many of the documents are
copies of press reports and congressional correspondence. Because this
category contains extensive intelligence information of recent origin, a
number of the documents have been withheld from the public on national
security grounds.
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez: a Guatemalan guerrilla leader captured by
the Guatemalan Army in 1992 and presumably killed. U.S. citizen
Jennifer Harbury later identified Mr. Bamaca as her husband. The
documents in this category record the U.S. Government's response to Ms.
Harbury's attempts to ascertain the fate of Mr. Bamaca. Many of the
documents are the same ones found in category 1. Many are cables,
memoranda, e-mails, and other records of U.S. officials' meetings with
Ms. Harbury. Discussions held with the Guatemalan Government to obtain
more information about Mr. Bamaca are also extensively documented.
Included are case summaries, chronologies, press reports, documents
generated by "Coalition Missing" (a U.S. Human Rights organization
representing U.S. victims of Guatemalan violence), and general analyses
of events in Guatemala.
3 and 4. Nicholas Blake and Griffith Davis: U.S. citizen journalist
and photographer, respectively, who were murdered by paramilitary forces
in a conflictive zone in 1985. This category documents the intense
efforts of the Embassy to find out what happened to Messrs. Blake and
Davis. Included are many consular cables and memoranda explaining
actions proposed and taken, as well as correspondence with the families.
Also included are press reports and documentation of efforts to exhume
the bodies and of meetings with Guatemalans. The category contains
extensive legal papers regarding the families' suit against the
Government of Guatemala in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
5. Michael DeVine: a U.S. citizen resident of Guatemala murdered by
Guatemalan Army troops in June 1990. The Michael DeVine murder and the
subsequent investigation generated a large number of consular cables.
These are followed by briefing memoranda, demarche cables, talking
points, analyses, memoranda of conversation and other documents
detailing the United States government's efforts to discover the facts
of the case and bring the perpetrators to justice. Cables reporting on
the progress of criminal proceedings against those charged with the
murder are also included.
6. John Gauker: a U.S. citizen who died with four other Americans
(categories 7, 10, 12, 16) in a 1976 plane crash which some suspect was
caused by Guatemalan Army small arms fire. Because the Guatemala
collection begins with documents generated in January 1984, the original
consular and other documents from the time of the crash are not
included. The categories include some short case summaries, letters
from family members, Coalition Missing documents and congressional
correspondence.
7. Ann Louise Kerndt: see Category 6.
8. Meredith Larson: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was
stabbed in December 1989. She recovered from her wounds. The assault
on Ms. Larson and events associated with it are documented in consular
cables. High-level representations made by the Embassy to the
Government of Guatemala regarding the case are also recorded. The
category includes Coalition Missing documents, memoranda recording
meetings with Coalition Missing members, correspondence with Ms. Larson,
press reports, and congressional correspondence.
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller: a U.S. citizen missionary shot to
death in February 1982 in Huehuetenango. Because Brother Miller was
killed prior to the January 1984 beginning date for the "Guatemala
Collection," Embassy documentation of the case is not included. This
category contains a 1984 State Department decision memorandum in which
the Miller case is mentioned, calling for a continuance of security
assistance despite Guatemala's poor human rights record. Also included
are congressional correspondence, a memorandum of a panel discussion on
the U.S. role in Guatemala, and Coalition Missing documents.
10. Michael Okada: see category 6.
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz: a U.S. citizen nun who reported that she was
abducted, raped and tortured by Guatemalan Army personnel in November
1989. The documents in this category contain Embassy cables, memoranda
and letters indicating efforts to determine exactly what happened to
Sister Ortiz. The documents also show the many difficulties faced by
U.S. officials as they attempted to offer assistance to Sister Ortiz and
to elucidate what happened in this case. Included are congressional
correspondence, press reports, press guidance, and Coalition Missing
documents.
12. Selwyn Puig: see category 6.
13. Fr. Stanley Rother: a U.S. citizen priest shot to death in July
1981 in Santiago Atitlan, which precedes the date of documents included
in this release. This category contains many of the same documents
found in case 9. Also included are congressional correspondence, press
reports, memoranda documenting consular activity, and several memoranda
of conversation.
14. Jack Shelton: a U.S. citizen who disappeared in Guatemala in 1981.
The case includes consular cables dating from 1984 and after which
document efforts to discover what happened to Mr. Shelton, along with
responses to congressional interest letters. The 1984 Human Rights
Report is among the documents, as are press guidance, diplomatic notes
requesting information from the Government of Guatemala, and case
summaries. The petition before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
in the case of Nicholas Blake is also included.
15. Peter Tiscione: a U.S. citizen tourist who was found dead in his
hotel room in Guatemala City in September 1992. Consular activity
regarding the death of Mr. Tiscione is documented in this category.
Also included are Department of State memoranda.
16. William Woods: see category 6.
17. Peter Harper Wolfe: a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer who was shot to
death in Guatemala City in October 1984. Cables regarding the death of
Mr. Wolfe and documenting discussions with Guatemalan officials are
included in this category. Because Mr. Wolfe was associated with the
U.S. Government, this case was not treated in consular channels. Cables
and memoranda discuss the disposition of the accused murderer and his
subsequent death in a motorcycle accident. There are also diplomatic
notes, autopsy results, case summaries, and a letter from Mr. Wolfe's
brother.
18. Josh Zinner: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was abducted
and released in 1990. This category includes Embassy cables as well as
Coalition Missing documents and memoranda reporting on State Department
meetings with Coalition Missing representatives.
19. Other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in Guatemala:
1984 - 1995. The category is comprised of: general Embassy cables on
the human rights situation, Department of State memoranda, congressional
correspondence, Embassy reports on the Catholic Church, case summaries,
reports on harassment and intimidation (including death threats) against
U.S. citizens. Also included are press guidance, human rights reports,
press articles, cables on refugees, updates, and documents from
Coalition Missing and other human rights groups.
20. Other non-U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in
Guatemala: 1984 - 1995. This category is similar to category 19 and
contains many of the same documents. It also contains cables, memoranda
and press articles concerning specific human rights violations.
ADDENDUM 1 TO PREFACE
LIST OF DOCUMENT REVIEW CATEGORIES
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez
3. Nicholas Blake
4. Griffith Davis (aka Griffin Davis)
5. Michael DeVine
6. Missionary John Gauker
7. Ann Louise Kerndt
8. Meredith Larson
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller
10. Missionary Michael Okada
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz
12. Selwyn Puig
13. Fr. Stanley Rother
14. Jack Shelton
15. Peter Tiscione
16. Fr. William Woods
17. Peter Harper Wolfe
18. Josh Zinner
19. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against U.S. nationals other than those specified above.
20. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against non-U.S. nationals other than those specified
above.
ADDENDUM 2 TO PREFACE
EXPLANATORY NOTES CONCERNING FOIA EXEMPTION CODES
The review process resulted in decisions that some of the
information collected as responsive to the requests of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence could not be released to the general public.
The reader will note spaces where lines and paragraphs, even pages, are
missing from a document. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) exemption
code will be noted next to the missing information. The reader should
understand that some information may not be classified but must be
withheld nonetheless, e.g., because of the privacy rights of an
individual. Following is a brief explanation of the FOIA exemption
codes used for this special document review.
1. (B)(1) Material not released as sensitive and properly
classified:
(b) -Foreign government information
© -Intelligence activities
(d) -Foreign relations and activities, including confidential sources
2. (B)(3) Material not released due to the provisions of existing statutes:
Immigration and Nationality Act
Foreign Service Act
Central Intelligence Agency Act
National Security Act
National Security Agency Act
3. (B)(5) Material not released to protect the deliberative
process of the Executive Branch
4. (B)(6) Material not released to protect the personal
privacy of an individual
5. (B)(7) Material not released to prevent harm to specific
aspects of law enforcement proceedings
inflictive zone in 1985. This category documents the intense
efforts of the Embassy to find out what happened to Messrs. Blake and
Davis. Included are many consular cables and memoranda explaining
actions proposed and taken, as well as correspondence with the families.
Also included are press reports and documentation of efforts to exhume
the bodies and of meetings with Guatemalans. The category contains
extensive legal papers regarding the families' suit against the
Government of Guatemala in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
5. Michael DeVine: a U.S. citizen resident of Guatemala murdered by
Guatemalan Army troops in June 1990. The Michael DeVine murder and the
subsequent investigation generated a large number of consular cables.
These are followed by briefing memoranda, demarche cables, talking
points, analyses, memoranda of conversation and other documents
detailing the United States government's efforts to discover the facts
of the case and bring the perpetrators to justice. Cables reporting on
the progress of criminal proceedings against those charged with the
murder are also included.
6. John Gauker: a U.S. citizen who died with four other Americans
(categories 7, 10, 12, 16) in a 1976 plane crash which some suspect was
caused by Guatemalan Army small arms fire. Because the Guatemala
collection begins with documents generated in January 1984, the original
consular and other documents from the time of the crash are not
included. The categories include some short case summaries, letters
from family members, Coalition Missing documents and congressional
correspondence.
7. Ann Louise Kerndt: see Category 6.
8. Meredith Larson: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was
stabbed in December 1989. She recovered from her wounds. The assault
on Ms. Larson and events associated with it are documented in consular
cables. High-level representations made by the Embassy to the
Government of Guatemala regarding the case are also recorded. The
category includes Coalition Missing documents, memoranda recording
meetings with Coalition Missing members, correspondence with Ms. Larson,
press reports, and congressional correspondence.
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller: a U.S. citizen missionary shot to
death in February 1982 in Huehuetenango. Because Brother Miller was
killed prior to the January 1984 beginning date for the "Guatemala
Collection," Embassy documentation of the case is not included. This
category contains a 1984 State Department decision memorandum in which
the Miller case is mentioned, calling for a continuance of security
assistance despite Guatemala's poor human rights record. Also included
are congressional correspondence, a memorandum of a panel discussion on
the U.S. role in Guatemala, and Coalition Missing documents.
10. Michael Okada: see category 6.
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz: a U.S. citizen nun who reported that she was
abducted, raped and tortured by Guatemalan Army personnel in November
1989. The documents in this category contain Embassy cables, memoranda
and letters indicating efforts to determine exactly what happened to
Sister Ortiz. The documents also show the many difficulties faced by
U.S. officials as they attempted to offer assistance to Sister Ortiz and
to elucidate what happened in this case. Included are congressional
correspondence, press reports, press guidance, and Coalition Missing
documents.
12. Selwyn Puig: see category 6.
13. Fr. Stanley Rother: a U.S. citizen priest shot to death in July
1981 in Santiago Atitlan, which precedes the date of documents included
in this release. This category contains many of the same documents
found in case 9. Also included are congressional correspondence, press
reports, memoranda documenting consular activity, and several memoranda
of conversation.
14. Jack Shelton: a U.S. citizen who disappeared in Guatemala in 1981.
The case includes consular cables dating from 1984 and after which
document efforts to discover what happened to Mr. Shelton, along with
responses to congressional interest letters. The 1984 Human Rights
Report is among the documents, as are press guidance, diplomatic notes
requesting information from the Government of Guatemala, and case
summaries. The petition before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
in the case of Nicholas Blake is also included.
15. Peter Tiscione: a U.S. citizen tourist who was found dead in his
hotel room in Guatemala City in September 1992. Consular activity
regarding the death of Mr. Tiscione is documented in this category.
Also included are Department of State memoranda.
16. William Woods: see category 6.
17. Peter Harper Wolfe: a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer who was shot to
death in Guatemala City in October 1984. Cables regarding the death of
Mr. Wolfe and documenting discussions with Guatemalan officials are
included in this category. Because Mr. Wolfe was associated with the
U.S. Government, this case was not treated in consular channels. Cables
and memoranda discuss the disposition of the accused murderer and his
subsequent death in a motorcycle accident. There are also diplomatic
notes, autopsy results, case summaries, and a letter from Mr. Wolfe's
brother.
18. Josh Zinner: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was abducted
and released in 1990. This category includes Embassy cables as well as
Coalition Missing documents and memoranda reporting on State Department
meetings with Coalition Missing representatives.
19. Other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in Guatemala:
1984 - 1995. The category is comprised of: general Embassy cables on
the human rights situation, Department of State memoranda, congressional
correspondence, Embassy reports on the Catholic Church, case summaries,
reports on harassment and intimidation (including death threats) against
U.S. citizens. Also included are press guidance, human rights reports,
press articles, cables on refugees, updates, and documents from
Coalition Missing and other human rights groups.
20. Other non-U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in
Guatemala: 1984 - 1995. This category is similar to category 19 and
contains many of the same documents. It also contains cables, memoranda
and press articles concerning specific human rights violations.
ADDENDUM 1 TO PREFACE
LIST OF DOCUMENT REVIEW CATEGORIES
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez
3. Nicholas Blake
4. Griffith Davis (aka Griffin Davis)
5. Michael DeVine
6. Missionary John Gauker
7. Ann Louise Kerndt
8. Meredith Larson
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller
10. Missionary Michael Okada
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz
12. Selwyn Puig
13. Fr. Stanley Rother
14. Jack Shelton
15. Peter Tiscione
16. Fr. William Woods
17. Peter Harper Wolfe
18. Josh Zinner
19. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against U.S. nationals other than those specified above.
20. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against non-U.S. nationals other than those specified
above.
ADDENDUM 2 TO PREFACE
EXPLANATORY NOTES CONCERNING FOIA EXEMPTION CODES
The review process resulted in decisions that some of the
information collected as responsive to the requests of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence could not be released to the general public.
The reader will note spaces where lines and paragraphs, even pages, are
missing from a document. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) exemption
code will be noted next to the missing information. The reader should
understand that some information may not be classified but must be
withheld nonetheless, e.g., because of the privacy rights of an
individual. Following is a brief explanation of the FOIA exemption
codes used for this special document review.
1. (B)(1) Material not released as sensitive and properly
classified:
(b) -Foreign government information
© -Intelligence activities
(d) -Foreign relations and activities,
including confidential sources
2. (B)(3) Material not released due to the provisions of
existing statutes:
Immigration and Nationality Act
Foreign Service Act
Central Intelligence Agency Act
National Security Act
National Security Agency Act
3. (B)(5) Material not released to protect the deliberative
process of the Executive Branch
4. (B)(6) Material not released to protect the personal
privacy of an individual
5. (B)(7) Material not released to prevent harm to specific
aspects of law enforcement proceedings
(###)
ludes Coalition Missing documents, memoranda recording
meetings with Coalition Missing members, correspondence with Ms. Larson,
press reports, and congressional correspondence.
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller: a U.S. citizen missionary shot to
death in February 1982 in Huehuetenango. Because Brother Miller was
killed prior to the January 1984 beginning date for the "Guatemala
Collection," Embassy documentation of the case is not included. This
category contains a 1984 State Department decision memorandum in which
the Miller case is mentioned, calling for a continuance of security
assistance despite Guatemala's poor human rights record. Also included
are congressional correspondence, a memorandum of a panel discussion on
the U.S. role in Guatemala, and Coalition Missing documents.
10. Michael Okada: see category 6.
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz: a U.S. citizen nun who reported that she was
abducted, raped and tortured by Guatemalan Army personnel in November
1989. The documents in this category contain Embassy cables, memoranda
and letters indicating efforts to determine exactly what happened to
Sister Ortiz. The documents also show the many difficulties faced by
U.S. officials as they attempted to offer assistance to Sister Ortiz and
to elucidate what happened in this case. Included are congressional
correspondence, press reports, press guidance, and Coalition Missing
documents.
12. Selwyn Puig: see category 6.
13. Fr. Stanley Rother: a U.S. citizen priest shot to death in July
1981 in Santiago Atitlan, which precedes the date of documents included
in this release. This category contains many of the same documents
found in case 9. Also included are congressional correspondence, press
reports, memoranda documenting consular activity, and several memoranda
of conversation.
14. Jack Shelton: a U.S. citizen who disappeared in Guatemala in 1981.
The case includes consular cables dating from 1984 and after which
document efforts to discover what happened to Mr. Shelton, along with
responses to congressional interest letters. The 1984 Human Rights
Report is among the documents, as are press guidance, diplomatic notes
requesting information from the Government of Guatemala, and case
summaries. The petition before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
in the case of Nicholas Blake is also included.
15. Peter Tiscione: a U.S. citizen tourist who was found dead in his
hotel room in Guatemala City in September 1992. Consular activity
regarding the death of Mr. Tiscione is documented in this category.
Also included are Department of State memoranda.
16. William Woods: see category 6.
17. Peter Harper Wolfe: a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer who was shot to
death in Guatemala City in October 1984. Cables regarding the death of
Mr. Wolfe and documenting discussions with Guatemalan officials are
included in this category. Because Mr. Wolfe was associated with the
U.S. Government, this case was not treated in consular channels. Cables
and memoranda discuss the disposition of the accused murderer and his
subsequent death in a motorcycle accident. There are also diplomatic
notes, autopsy results, case summaries, and a letter from Mr. Wolfe's
brother.
18. Josh Zinner: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was abducted
and released in 1990. This category includes Embassy cables as well as
Coalition Missing documents and memoranda reporting on State Department
meetings with Coalition Missing representatives.
19. Other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in Guatemala:
1984 - 1995. The category is comprised of: general Embassy cables on
the human rights situation, Department of State memoranda, congressional
correspondence, Embassy reports on the Catholic Church, case summaries,
reports on harassment and intimidation (including death threats) against
U.S. citizens. Also included are press guidance, human rights reports,
press articles, cables on refugees, updates, and documents from
Coalition Missing and other human rights groups.
20. Other non-U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in
Guatemala: 1984 - 1995. This category is similar to category 19 and
contains many of the same documents. It also contains cables, memoranda
and press articles concerning specific human rights violations.
ADDENDUM 1 TO PREFACE
LIST OF DOCUMENT REVIEW CATEGORIES
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez
3. Nicholas Blake
4. Griffith Davis (aka Griffin Davis)
5. Michael DeVine
6. Missionary John Gauker
7. Ann Louise Kerndt
8. Meredith Larson
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller
10. Missionary Michael Okada
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz
12. Selwyn Puig
13. Fr. Stanley Rother
14. Jack Shelton
15. Peter Tiscione
16. Fr. William Woods
17. Peter Harper Wolfe
18. Josh Zinner
19. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against U.S. nationals other than those specified above.
20. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against non-U.S. nationals other than those specified
above.
ADDENDUM 2 TO PREFACE
EXPLANATORY NOTES CONCERNING FOIA EXEMPTION CODES
The review process resulted in decisions that some of the
information collected as responsive to the requests of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence could not be released to the general public.
The reader will note spaces where lines and paragraphs, even pages, are
missing from a document. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) exemption
code will be noted next to the missing information. The reader should
understand that some information may not be classified but must be
withheld nonetheless, e.g., because of the privacy rights of an
individual. Following is a brief explanation of the FOIA exemption
codes used for this special document review.
1. (B)(1) Material not released as sensitive and properly
classified:
(b) -Foreign government information
© -Intelligence activities
(d) -Foreign relations and activities,
including confidential sources
2. (B)(3) Material not released due to the provisions of
existing statutes:
Immigration and Nationality Act
Foreign Service Act
Central Intelligence Agency Act
National Security Act
National Security Agency Act
3. (B)(5) Material not released to protect the deliberative
process of the Executive Branch
4. (B)(6) Material not released to protect the personal
privacy of an individual
5. (B)(7) Material not released to prevent harm to specific
aspects of law enforcement proceedings
(###)
r. Shelton, along with
responses to congressional interest letters. The 1984 Human Rights
Report is among the documents, as are press guidance, diplomatic notes
requesting information from the Government of Guatemala, and case
summaries. The petition before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
in the case of Nicholas Blake is also included.
15. Peter Tiscione: a U.S. citizen tourist who was found dead in his
hotel room in Guatemala City in September 1992. Consular activity
regarding the death of Mr. Tiscione is documented in this category.
Also included are Department of State memoranda.
16. William Woods: see category 6.
17. Peter Harper Wolfe: a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer who was shot to
death in Guatemala City in October 1984. Cables regarding the death of
Mr. Wolfe and documenting discussions with Guatemalan officials are
included in this category. Because Mr. Wolfe was associated with the
U.S. Government, this case was not treated in consular channels. Cables
and memoranda discuss the disposition of the accused murderer and his
subsequent death in a motorcycle accident. There are also diplomatic
notes, autopsy results, case summaries, and a letter from Mr. Wolfe's
brother.
18. Josh Zinner: a U.S. citizen Peace Brigade member who was abducted
and released in 1990. This category includes Embassy cables as well as
Coalition Missing documents and memoranda reporting on State Department
meetings with Coalition Missing representatives.
19. Other U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in Guatemala:
1984 - 1995. The category is comprised of: general Embassy cables on
the human rights situation, Department of State memoranda, congressional
correspondence, Embassy reports on the Catholic Church, case summaries,
reports on harassment and intimidation (including death threats) against
U.S. citizens. Also included are press guidance, human rights reports,
press articles, cables on refugees, updates, and documents from
Coalition Missing and other human rights groups.
20. Other non-U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in
Guatemala: 1984 - 1995. This category is similar to category 19 and
contains many of the same documents. It also contains cables, memoranda
and press articles concerning specific human rights violations.
ADDENDUM 1 TO PREFACE
LIST OF DOCUMENT REVIEW CATEGORIES
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez
3. Nicholas Blake
4. Griffith Davis (aka Griffin Davis)
5. Michael DeVine
6. Missionary John Gauker
7. Ann Louise Kerndt
8. Meredith Larson
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller
10. Missionary Michael Okada
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz
12. Selwyn Puig
13. Fr. Stanley Rother
14. Jack Shelton
15. Peter Tiscione
16. Fr. William Woods
17. Peter Harper Wolfe
18. Josh Zinner
19. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against U.S. nationals other than those specified above.
20. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against non-U.S. nationals other than those specified
above.
ADDENDUM 2 TO PREFACE
EXPLANATORY NOTES CONCERNING FOIA EXEMPTION CODES
The review process resulted in decisions that some of the
information collected as responsive to the requests of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence could not be released to the general public.
The reader will note spaces where lines and paragraphs, even pages, are
missing from a document. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) exemption
code will be noted next to the missing information. The reader should
understand that some information may not be classified but must be
withheld nonetheless, e.g., because of the privacy rights of an
individual. Following is a brief explanation of the FOIA exemption
codes used for this special document review.
1. (B)(1) Material not released as sensitive and properly
classified:
(b) -Foreign government information
© -Intelligence activities
(d) -Foreign relations and activities,
including confidential sources
2. (B)(3) Material not released due to the provisions of
existing statutes:
Immigration and Nationality Act
Foreign Service Act
Central Intelligence Agency Act
National Security Act
National Security Agency Act
3. (B)(5) Material not released to protect the deliberative
process of the Executive Branch
4. (B)(6) Material not released to protect the personal
privacy of an individual
5. (B)(7) Material not released to prevent harm to specific
aspects of law enforcement proceedings
(###)
uman rights groups.
20. Other non-U.S. citizen victims of human rights violations in
Guatemala: 1984 - 1995. This category is similar to category 19 and
contains many of the same documents. It also contains cables, memoranda
and press articles concerning specific human rights violations.
ADDENDUM 1 TO PREFACE
LIST OF DOCUMENT REVIEW CATEGORIES
1. Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez
2. Efrain Bamaca Velasquez
3. Nicholas Blake
4. Griffith Davis (aka Griffin Davis)
5. Michael DeVine
6. Missionary John Gauker
7. Ann Louise Kerndt
8. Meredith Larson
9. Brother James "Santiago" Miller
10. Missionary Michael Okada
11. Sister Dianna Ortiz
12. Selwyn Puig
13. Fr. Stanley Rother
14. Jack Shelton
15. Peter Tiscione
16. Fr. William Woods
17. Peter Harper Wolfe
18. Josh Zinner
19. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against U.S. nationals other than those specified above.
20. Human rights violations in Guatemala since January 1, 1984
against non-U.S. nationals other than those specified
above.
ADDENDUM 2 TO PREFACE
EXPLANATORY NOTES CONCERNING FOIA EXEMPTION CODES
The review process resulted in decisions that some of the
information collected as responsive to the requests of the Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence could not be released to the general public.
The reader will note spaces where lines and paragraphs, even pages, are
missing from a document. A Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) exemption
code will be noted next to the missing information. The reader should
understand that some information may not be classified but must be
withheld nonetheless, e.g., because of the privacy rights of an
individual. Following is a brief explanation of the FOIA exemption
codes used for this special document review.
1. (B)(1) Material not released as sensitive and properly
classified:
(b) -Foreign government information
© -Intelligence activities
(d) -Foreign relations and activities,
including confidential sources
2. (B)(3) Material not released due to the provisions of
existing statutes:
Immigration and Nationality Act
Foreign Service Act
Central Intelligence Agency Act
National Security Act
National Security Agency Act
3. (B)(5) Material not released to protect the deliberative
process of the Executive Branch
4. (B)(6) Material not released to protect the personal
privacy of an individual
5. (B)(7) Material not released to prevent harm to specific
aspects of law enforcement proceedings
(###)
classified:
(b) -Foreign government information
© -Intelligence activities
(d) -Foreign relations and activities,
including confidential sources
2. (B)(3) Material not released due to the provisions of
existing statutes:
Immigration and Nationality Act
Foreign Service Act
Central Intelligence Agency Act
National Security Act
National Security Agency Act
3. (B)(5) Material not released to protect the deliberative
process of the Executive Branch
4. (B)(6) Material not released to protect the personal
privacy of an individual
5. (B)(7) Material not released to prevent harm to specific aspects of law enforcement proceedings
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