History of the U.S. Militia
On April 25, 1995 Mark Pitcavage of the Ohio State University's
History Department posted a historical overview of the U.S. militia.
Pitcavage's main point was that the militia was not, as maintained by
the modern militia movement, an armed populace separate from any
branch of government, but rather a type of military draft run jointly
by the federal and state governments.
Pitcavage explained:
With the framing of the Constitution, the federal and state
governments assumed joint control over the militia. The President
was given authority over the militia when called into federal service.
Congress was given the authority to frame laws allowing the
president to do that. Furthermore, Congress could 1) organize, 2)
arm, and 3) discipline the militia. To the states were reserved the
power to appoint officers and to train the militia.
What did these powers mean? To organize the militia meant that
Congress first of all had the power to define what constituted the
militia. It did so in its first militia law, the Uniform Militia Act of
1792, when it declared that the militia constituted all white males
aged 18-45. In addition, this power gave Congress the ability to set
up a table of organization for the militia, to determine what
equipment would be required, etc. To discipline the militia meant
that Congress could prescribe the tactics by which the militia would
train. The 1792 law prescribed von Steuben's system of tactics
developed in the Revolutionary War. Subsequent laws would change
this.
The third area was the ability to arm the militia. This caused a great
deal of debate during the battles for ratification of the Constitution.
Some people argued that this meant only that Congress had the
ability to specify what type of weapons were required. Others argued
that this gave Congress the ability or the responsibility to procure
arms for the militia ... The Second Amendment guaranteed that even
if Congress had the power to arm the militia, nothing would prohibit
the states from procuring their own arms.
... Under state law, every last detail regarding the militia was
regulated, from the number of and times for musters, court martial
procedures, how to notify people that there would be a muster, fines,
how to appeal fines, uniforms (if applicable), compensation (if
applicable, which it usually wasn't), and so on and so forth. An
average militia law might be 80 pages long; some were far longer
than this.
... the entire militia was subject to the orders of the government ...
they suppressed rebellions, maintained order in the cities, fought
Indians, fought foreigners, celebrated the Fourth of July, and so
forth. All as officially constituted agents of the government, be it
federal or state.
Pitcavage goes on to say that the militia as "armed populace" is a
myth. The law limited the militia to a portion of the populace,
namely white men in a certain age range, and states provided
numerous exemptions so that "the militia consisted of people too
poor and too dumb to get out of it." Further, not all militia were
armed, as firearms were scarce in much of the South and West,
according to Pitcavage.
Dissatisfaction with the organization of the militia in the 1820's and
1830's led the states to switch from compulsory militia to volunteer
militia in the 1840's. By the 1850's, only a vestige of the militia
remained.
With the outbreak of the Civil War, militias came back into use,
gradually evolving into the National Guard, solidified with the Dick
Act of 1903, the National Defense Act of 1916 and 1920 and 1933
amendments to the National Defense Act.
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